Towns.

Glasgow is situated on both banks of the Clyde, in the parishes of Barony and Govan, with a very small portion of Cathcart. The Barony parish contains 14,926 acres, and Govan 6733; and the census returns for the two parishes give the following results:—

These figures include the landward part of the parishes, and the following give the population of the city for the past thirty years.

The population of the registration districts was 491,846 in 1871, and 511,532 in 1881. The Barony parish includes the districts of Maryhill, Shettleston, and Springburn, besides the Barony proper. Maryhill is partly mineral, agricultural, and commercial. It includes the town of Maryhill, peopled chiefly by work people, in the different foundries. The locomotive works of the North British Railway Company are situated at Cowlairs, in the Springburn district; and the Saracen Foundry at Possil, equi-distant between Maryhill and Springburn, employs a large number of hands. A new suburb of Glasgow has sprung up here, called Possil Park. Military barracks were erected on the banks of the Kelvin four or five years since; and in these palatial buildings, Her Majesty's troops are quartered in the order of service. Maryhill was erected into a police burgh in 1856, and has made rapid progress. The population of the burgh was 3717 in 1861, in 1871 it was 6659, and in 1881 it had risen to 18,386. In the city portion of the parish, great changes have been made during the past thirty years. Many old historic buildings and streets have been removed. Twenty years ago it was found to be necessary, in the interests of the public health, for the corporation to purchase, demolish, and rearrange many streets in which sanitary arrangements could not be carried out. To meet the demand for house accommodation caused by these changes, new houses were built in the suburbs. The railway system has tended to promote many changes. The City Union Railway opened up the dingy quarters of the Briggate, where a palatial railway station now stands. The Caledonian Railway Company, by their new line across the river, have removed a once notable business street. Gallowgate has been almost rebuilt, and the Stobcross Railway, in the west end, opens up further possibilities of change in that quarter. The towns in the Barony parish do not now appear distinct from the city, and their final absorption into one great city under one municipal authority is probably only a question of time. The parish of Govan, situated on both sides of the Clyde, is notable for shipbuilding. Two considerable towns have grown up within the past quarter of a century, chiefly sustained by that industry. In 1851, the joint population of Govan, on the south bank of the river, and Partick on the north, was 3131; in 1861 the population of Govan alone was 7637; in 1871 it had risen to 19,899; and in 1881 to 51,783. In 1861 the population of Partick was 8183; in 1871 it had risen to 23,837; and in 1881 to 38,985. South of the Clyde, and on the borders of Renfrew-shire, are the suburban districts of Pollokshields, Crossbill, Govanhill, and Langside, which are chiefly inhabited by Glasgow business men. Public parks have long been a feature of the city. The oldest is Glasgow Green, situated to the east of the city, on the river banks. At the opposite end of Glasgow is the West End Park, traversed by the Kelvin, overlooked by the university, and ornamented with a fountain to commemorate the introduction into the city of a water supply from Loch Katrine. The town council have likewise acquired the Botanic Gardens, in the aristocratic suburb of Billhead; and the Kibble Palace and Winter Garden are situated there. The Alexandra Park is at the north-east corner of the city in the Dennistoun district; and in the centre of Crosshill and Langside is the South Side Park, the site of which is incomparably superior to any of the others. It would be difficult if not impossible to describe in brief compass the industries of Glasgow and the enterprise of its merchants, all dependent more or less directly on the Clyde navigation, itself a gigantic undertaking. In a paper read at the Naval and Marine Engineering Exhibition, in 1881, Mr James Deas, C.E., described "the character and magnitude of those works which have, within the last hundred years or so, converted the Clyde between Glasgow and the sea from a shallow stream, navigable only by fishing wherries of at most 4 or 5 feet draft, and fordable even 12 miles below Glasgow, to a great channel of the sea, bearing on its waters the ships of all nations, and of the deepest draft, bringing to this city of the west the fruits and ores of Spain; the wines of Portugal and France; the palm oil and ivory of Africa; the teas, spices, cotton, and jute of India; the teas of China; the cotton, cattle, corn, flour, beef, timber,—even doors and windows ready made,— and the numerous notions of America; the corn of Egypt and Russia; the flour and wines of Hungary; the sugar, teak, and mahogany of the West Indies; the wools and preserved meats and gold of the Great Australian colonies; the food supplies of the sister isle; and the thousands of other things which go to make up the imports of the two mile-long harbour of Glasgow (which, until a few years ago, was simply the river Clyde itself), lined on both sides with wharfs and quays, and carrying away to India and our colonies—even to Fiji, and to every foreign land—the varied products of this great city and the whole south and west of Scotland, from the coal and iron of our mines to the finest products of our looms and the most improved types of our varied machinery." Eighty years ago the quayage of the harbour was only 382 lineal yards long, the area of the harbour 4 acres, the revenue of the Clyde Trust £3400, the customs revenue £427 and the population of the city 77,385; in 1880 the length of quayage was 4 miles and 382 yards, the area of the harbour 120 acres, the revenue £223,709, the customs revenue £956,620, and the population computed at 578,156. "The deepening and widening of the Clyde have increased the value of the lands on its sides through Glasgow and seaward a hundred-fold, created the burghs of Govan, Partick, and the various other burghs that environ Glasgow, given wealth to thousands, and the means of life to hundreds of thousands;" and the expenditure up to 30th June 1880 has been £8,786,128, of which £2,306,766 was paid for interest on borrowed money. The other burghs in the county contributing to send members to Parliament are Lanark, Hamilton, Airdrie, and Rutherglen; the burghs of barony are Strathaven, Biggar, and East Kilbride. The villages and populous places are many.

Estates and Cropping.

From the return of owners of lands and heritages in Scotland, 1872-73, it appeared there were, outside the municipal boundaries of Glasgow, 9117 proprietors in the county, of whom 1890 possessed one acre or upwards, and possessed altogether 549,232 acres at a valued rental of £1,284,592, 18s.; while 7227 owners of less than one acre had altogether 3865 acres at a gross annual rental of £451,675, 9s. Inside the municipal boundaries there were 310 owners of one acre or upwards, who had 3011 acres at a gross annual value of £628,374, 6s., and 10,681 owners of less than one acre, who had altogether 2811 acres, at a gross annual value of £1,713,789, 14s. In all there were within the municipal boundaries 10,991 owners of 4822 acres, at a gross annual value of £2,342,164. The municipal boundaries were extended in 1872, and again in 1878. As might naturally be expected, the rent of land in different districts varies extremely. In upland parishes land may be seen at a rent of half a crown to five shillings an acre; in other places it rents at £6 an acre; while in some localities an acre of land yields a handsome revenue. Mr Alexander Aikman, Holland Bush, Hamilton, is entered in the parliamentary return as owner of one acre, which is rented at £132; and the Airdrie Gas Company is represented as owning one acre at a value of £700 a year. Within the municipal boundaries of Glasgow values are much higher. Mr James Arthur, Queen Street, is owner of an acre which yields the magnificent income of £6923, 10s. a year. From three acres Sir James Campbell of Stracathro, has £12,912, 5s. of yearly income. Mr George Martin, 141 St Vincent Street, is on the roll as owner of one acre, of which the rental is £3928, 10s., other proprietors of a single acre have from £1000 to £3000 of yearly income.

It will be observed that a large proportion of the land in the county is owned by proprietors of one acre or upward; and it may be added that three-fourths of the land are owned by very large proprietors, while the remainder is parcelled out into moderate or small holdings. The most extensive landowner is the Earl of Home, Bothwell Castle, who has 61,943 acres, at a rental of £24,770, besides £4716 for minerals. The aggregate rent of land in this estate seems to be hardly 8s. an acre. Next in magnitude is the Duke of Hamilton, with 47,731 acres and a rental of £38,441, amounting to fully 16s. 9d. an acre, besides £56,920, 14s. for minerals. Sir Simon Macdonald Lockhart, Bart., of Lee and Carnwath, has 31,556 acres at a rental of £21,050, or fully 13s. 4d. an acre, and £869 for minerals. Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M.P., Abington House, has 29,604 acres at a rental of £2282 a year, or nearly 7s. an acre. The Earl of Hopetoun, Leadhills and district, has 19,180 acres, at a rent of £3246, or 3s. 4d. an acre, and £2246 for minerals. Sir Windham C. J. Carmichael Anstruther, Bart., Carmichael House, Lanark, has 13,624 acres at a rent of £9228, and £722 for minerals. Lord Lamington, Lamington House, Biggar, has 10,833 acres, with a rental of £5539, and £788 for minerals. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry has 9091 acres at a rent of £1544; Colonel D. C. R. C. Buchanan of Drumpellier, 8549 acres at a rent of £8693, 12s, and £15,180, 9s. for minerals; R. W. Ewart of Allershaw, Crawford parish, 8485 acres at £1575; W. E. Hope Vere of Blackwood, Lesmahagow, 6863 acres at £5522, with £5781 for minerals; Mrs Louisa Catterson of Birkcleuch, Abington, 6870 acres at £1562; William Bertram of Kersewell, Carnwath, 5863 acres at £2893; the Earl of Eglinton and Winton, 5866 acres at £4097; the trustees of the late Sir W. Stirling Maxwell, Bart., Cadder estate, 5691 acres at £8741, with £3231 for minerals; J. W. Baillie of Culterallers, 4510 acres at £1826; James S. Lockhart of Castlehill, Carluke, 4422 acres at £5250, and £2183 for minerals. In addition there are two others who own 4000 acres or upwards, five others own 3000 acres or upwards, sixteen who own 2000 acres or upwards, and others of smaller extent. In the county, but especially in some of the large parishes in the upper ward, there are many small proprietors, most o£ whom farm their own lands.

According to the agricultural returns issued by the Board of Trade, the county contains 568,840 acres, of which in 1882 there were 251,121 acres under crops, bare fallow, and grass. Under corn there were 52,929 acres, of which 3592 were under wheat, 874 barley or bere, 46,905 oats, 39 rye, 1489 beans, and 30 under peas. Green crop covered 18,796 acres, of which 7669 were potatoes, 9151 turnips and swedes, 20 mangold, 51 carrots, 536 cabbage, kohl-rabi, and rape, and 1369 vetches and other green

crops except clover or grass. Of clover, sanfoin, and grasses under rotation there were 64,713 acres, and of permanent pasture, or grass not broken up in rotation (exclusive of heath or mountain land) 113,989 acres. There were 11 acres of flax, and 683 of bare fallow, or uncropped arable land. Of horses (including ponies) as returned by occupiers of land, there were 5666 used solely for the purpose of agriculture &c, and 1944 unbroken horses and mares kept solely for breeding. There were 64,850 cattle, including 34,483 cows and heifers in milk or in calf, and of other cattle 10,785 of two years old and upwards, and 69,582 under two years of age. There were 210,322 sheep, of which 131,046 were one year old and above, and 79,282 under one year old. There were 7637 pigs.

Geology.

Taking the granite rocks of Galloway as the base, there are superimposed over them the greywacke and trap which prevail on the Leadhills and the district adjoining. The pastures of Crawford parish, chiefly those rocks, thinly covered with soil, are of good quality, consisting of sweet and nutritious grass. At Roberton there is a transition to the rocks of the lowland district. About Thankerton are gravel mounds; and extending in the direction of Biggar is a plain so little elevated above the level of the Clyde that not much labour would send that river in the direction of the Tweed. From the western margin of this plain the Clyde turns north-westward, gently flowing in a wide valley, across a series of igneous rocks, belonging to the Old Red Sandstone, which is conspicuous about Tinto. On either side hills rise with gentle acclivity, those on the south side tending in the direction of the trap and greywacke, those on the north approaching the great Lanarkshire coalfield. At Bonnington begin the falls of the Clyde, and, in a defile through the Old Red Sandstone, the river brawls along for three or four miles till it tumbles over the last fall at Stonebyres. From the top of the highest fall to the bottom of the lowest the river descends 230 feet within a distance of little more than 3½ miles, whereas the fall is only 270 feet in the whole distance of fully 50 miles from Stonebyres to Dumbarton. From Stonebyres downward the valley broadens, and the course of the river is through the great coalfield which is the source of industry and wealth to the county. The coal formation of the middle and lower wards includes bituminous shale, coal, grey limestone, and clay ironstone, over which there are, in some places, beds of freestone.

Soil, Climate, &c.

In the report of the Agricultural Commission, 1881, Mr Hope, one of the Assistant Commissioners, says of the county— " About one-third under cultivation, remainder unproducing mountain and moorland; central and western parts generally cold and clayey, with tracts of bog. South-east part, the soil is light and open, but, from its height, exposed to frosts. The agriculture is excellent, especially on the banks of the Clyde." (Report, p. 511). In the upland parishes of Crawford and Crawfordjohn, as well as the greater part of Lamington and Culter, the land is high and steep, much of it not susceptible of agricultural improvement. Three-fourths of Douglas and Les-mahagow parishes on the one side and of Dunsyre on the other are either moorish, heathy land, or covered with beds of peat earth, yielding little useful herbage. Considerable tracts in the parishes of Carluke, Lanark, Carnwath, Dolphinton, and Biggar are of a similar character. Near the Clyde it is different even in the upper ward, and there are fertile districts in all the parishes. In Wiston, Symington, Culter, Biggar, Covington, Libberton, and Carstairs is a good deal of light, sharp, turnip and potato soil, which yields excellent crops of these and of grain coming to maturity about the beginning of September. Some of the meadows by the river side are exceedingly fertile. In the parishes of Lanark and Lesmahagow the greater part of the arable land is dry, light, and friable, but in the latter parish there is clay near the Clyde, some of which is covered with orchards, and in Lanark there are clay districts, while the moors are a hard till. Old Red Sandstone is the prevailing rock. Carluke parish is pervaded, with trifling exceptions, by a dense blue clay, assuming a reddish appearance in some places, containing boulders of every size, and from almost every description of rock, and the soil partakes largely of the same ingredient, acted upon and altered by the atmosphere, by heat, moisture, and the operations of the agriculturist. When the rocks crop through this alluvial matter the soil partakes of the character of the underlying strata, and is arenaceous over freestone, white or slightly grey earth over fire-clay or shale, and sometimes a red colour over ironstone. On the Old Led Sandstone in the southeast of the parish the soil is light, and free in great measure from clay. Peat soil occurs in different parts of the parish, but chiefly in the north-west. It overlies the alluvium, except where limestone and freestone crop out.

In the middle ward the soil varies, but is generally of a clayey character, a good deal of it with a hard clay bottom inclined to till; but there are occasional patches of sand or gravel. In Avondale the soil is light, and is capable of great improvement. The rocks belong to the coal formation of the second class; and coal, iron, and especially lime are abundant. Strathaven Moss, extending to about 200 acres was, half a century ago, utterly worthless; but it has been drained, and is now yielding splendid crops, some of it paying £4 of yearly rent per acre. In Stonehouse parish the soil is generally good. In Dalserf the soil is not well adapted for green crops, except a tract near the banks of the Clyde, and some patches on the Avon. Wheat and oats are the principal crops, and turnips were not grown till within the past few years. Very few sheep are kept, and the chief industry is dairy farming for the manufacture of butter and cheese. In Glassford parish there are moss, clay, and light loam. Above 400 acres of moss are not considered arable; but in a few years this tract may be under cultivation. In Blantyre parish are mineral deposits, consisting of coal, freestone, and limestone. At the northern extremity, where the banks of the Clyde are low, there is an expanse of sandy soil, but farther east it is strong, deep clay. Toward the south of the parish there is clay, more light and free than in other parts, but generally poor in quality. At the south end of the parish is a deep peat moss; and there are 500 acres of waste and pasture; the remainder is all arable. Along the west of Both-well, and extending into several adjoining parishes, is a stratum of new or upper red sandstone. This rock is of a bright, red colour, sometimes soft and friable, but generally compact and well adapted for building purposes. Coal abounds everywhere in the parish, but in the lower division lies at too great a depth to be worked at present. The coalfield at Law has been estimated to be 53,000 acres in extent. Iron and limestone abound in the parish. On the north side of the river, but at some distance from it, resting on clay soil, an elevated ridge extends along the eastern extremity of Cambusnethan parish, through the middle of Shotts, where it is high and rocky, and thence through Monkland parish, declining a little as it advances westward. Much of the soil in this region is moorish, coarse, and wet. Dalziell lies in the centre of the great coal district, and abounds in coal. There is also a flagstone quarry. The soil is chiefly a heavy clay. There is an expanse of grass land on the holms and haughs near the Clyde. Old Monkland is superior to other parishes over coal in respect of fertility; but about 1500 acres are uncultivated, including Gartgill moss, Lochwood, Drumpellier, and Coatsmuir.

The lower ward is not extensive, but is important in consequence of being near a large city. A good deal has been improved and ornamented so as to form summer retreats for prosperous citizens. With regard to the remainder, the soil consists generally of clay or sand, naturally very poor. In Cadder parish the greater part of the soil is of a tilly character.. There are numerous mosses and lochs and a few good springs, the moss extending to about 300 acres. Great fields of fire-clay are found near the Glasgow and Garnkirk Railway. The best land in the parish, part of it on gravel, part on sand, is alongside of the canal and the Kelvin. In Cambuslang the soil is clay from a few feet to 30 inches thick, beneath which is white freestone twenty feet in thickness, and then shale to the depth of 30 or 40 feet. Iron and limestone abound. The whole of Govan parish is arable; and the soil is of good quality. The Barony parish is diversified in surface, and some of the low grounds are very fertile. On the whole the district above the falls is superior to any in the lower part of the county, some parts excelling in real intrinsic fertility other places 400 or 500 feet less elevated. The elevation rather than the soil hinders cultivation in the higher regions, and yet, in some of the highest and wildest districts there are green spots which indicate the existence of culture at an early period. Where tillage has not been attempted the pasture has been much improved by surface draining.

As might be expected from the diversities of situation and altitude, the climate of the county is varied. The lower grounds in the west are open to the influences of the Atlantic Ocean, but the vapours coming from the south-west are intercepted and condensed by the hills of Renfrew and Dumbarton, and the district about Glasgow is thereby made rainy but comparatively mild. On the other hand the force of easterly winds is broken by the higher grounds on the east side of the county, and the cold fogs which prevail at times on the east coast are found only to a moderate degree in the west. The greater amount of cloud, together with the more frequent and heavy rains, is apt to make the spring late; and when dry weather comes in May and June, as it often does, with east winds, there is little growth till rain falls about the end of June. Growth is then rapid, and usually continues well through the autumn, but the harvest is often late and in danger of being spoiled by unsettled weather. In the upper ward the moderating influence of the Atlantic is less perceptible, and the air is purer, but has a tendency to chilliness; and if the sky becomes clear at night there is danger of hoar frost except in sultry summer weather. On the highest hills the climate is severe. Fogs gather round the hills chilling the atmosphere, summer heat is often interrupted by cold and stormy gusts; and in winter the hills are often covered with snow for weeks together when the lower lands have a moderate temperature.

Surface, and Modes of Farming.

In the south corner of the county, bounded on the south and south-west by Dumfries-shire, is the parish of Crawford, 18 miles long by 14½ wide, and including one of the wildest districts of the southern highlands. In extent it is larger than the whole lower ward. The mining village of Leadhills is computed to be 1300 feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest inhabited village in Scotland; but the Lowthers, a ridge of hills more to the eastward, are 1100 feet higher, making a total height of 2409 feet above the sea level. Among the hills in the east of the parish rise several important rivers, as indicated in the lines:—

"Avon, Annan, Tweed, and Clyde
A' rise out o' ae hill side."

On its way through the parish, the infant Clyde receives the Daer, the Elvan, the Powtrail, the Midloch, Camp, Glengonar, and other tributaries. The village of Crawford, 3 miles south of Abington, is composed of cottages, built in a straggling manner near the banks of the Clyde; and the ruins are still visible of the castle once the stronghold of the Earls of Crawford.

In this extensive parish there are forty proprietors, and the rental, as indicated by the valuation roll, is £24,229, 2s. The Duke of Buccleuch owns two farms, consisting wholly of hill land—Kirkhope, occupied by Mr James Milligan at a rent of £720, and Whitecamp, occupied by Mr Richard Vassie at £480. Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., MP., has eight large farms, besides others of smaller size. Normangill is let to Mr Richard Vassie for £1100; and Crookedstone to Mr John Borland for £1225. The large extent of meadow and grazing land on this farm, which is enriched by deposits from the overflowing of the Daer and Powtrail, enhances considerably the value of the farm. It carries a stock of blackfaced sheep, which has recently been changed from a Cheviot flock on account of the severe winters and cold summers lately experienced. It also carries a large lot of cross and Highland cattle on the holm land. Castlemains is occupied by the representatives of the late Mr David Tweedie at a rental of £525; and it carries a good Cheviot stock, besides a small remnant of a once famous herd of Ayrshire cattle. Other farms on this estate are let at from £300 to £600 a year. The Earl of Hopetoun is proprietor of Leadhills, and has a rental of £4045 for lead mines. He likewise owns several large farms. Glenochar and Glengeith are let to Messrs Gideon Pott and Mr H. Tait, non-resident tenants, for £1363. They carry a good stock of Cheviot sheep. The farm of Smith-wood is let to Mr William Wilson for £725. The farm of Mumerie, on the south bank of the lower Daer, is one of the most extensive in the parish, is stocked with blackfaced sheep, and tenanted by Mr Thomas Wilson at a rental of £1375. The representatives of the late Mr Tweedie hold three farms at a rental of £1086, 16s. The parish is almost wholly pastoral, with the exception of cultivated belts along the banks of the Clvde. The hills adjoining the river are generally grassy, and used to carry Cheviot sheep; but, owing to the severe winters of the last ten years, these have largely given place to the hardy blackfaced stock. During the last ten years fourteen hirsels, containing 8000 sheep, have been changed from Cheviot to blackfaced in this parish alone.

The area of the parish is 65,400 acres. In 1881 there were 384 inhabited houses, and a population of 1763; in 1871 the inhabited houses were 374 and the population 1829. In 1791 the parish was farmed by 15 store farmers; in 1859 there were 28, of whom 13 who farmed 40 per cent. of the parish were nonresident. In 1859 it was estimated that the parish contained 19,500 Cheviot, and 12,000 blackfaced sheep, and 500 feeding sheep. There were 56 shepherds, 18 servant men, 6 lads, 46 women, 8 girls, 2 young horses, 46 farm horses, 11 saddle and harness horses, 302 milk cows, 116 queys, 58 calves, 116 feeding cattle, and 58 swine. These figures are exclusive of the people, cows, crofts, and kailyards in the village of Leadhills.

The adjoining parish of Crawfordjohn contains 26,357 acres, with a valued rent of £11,099, 3s. a year; and there are 47 proprietors on the valuation roll. In 1881 there were 166 inhabited houses, with a population of 843, a decrease of ten during the last ten years. In 1861 the population numbered 980. The parish is about 12 miles in length, and is drained by the Dun-eaton water which rises in Cairntable and joins the Clyde one mile below the village of Abington. A great part of the parish is owned by Sir T. E. Colebrooke, Bart., M.P., whose summer residence is at Abington House, adjoining the pretty little village of Abington, the prosperity and picturesque appearance of which dates from the accession of the present holder of the Colebrooke estates in 1838. Sir Edward Colebrooke, who is ably supported by his factor, John Ord Mackenzie, Esq., of Dolphinton, has greatly increased the amenity of his estate by many plantations, judiciously placed so as to combine shelter with picturesque effect. They are intelligently alive to everything that will improve the estate. The farm steadings are commodious, and adjoining each of them is a hay shed capable of containing all the hay produced on the farm, which the tenant finds to be a great advantage. In the summer of 1883 Sir Edward erected a silo capable of holding 41 tons of ensilage, on the farm of Nether Abington, with a view to experiment with the meadow hay as to the suitability for making ensilage. Large tracts of land have been drained on the estate within the last thirty years, the proprietor being always willing to supply the money at 5 and 6 per cent. wherever draining is necessary. The rental of arable land in the district is about £1 per acre, green hill 10s., and heath and mountain land from 5s. downwards. Sheep stocks are rented at 9s. to 10s. for Cheviot sheep, and 1s. less for blackfaced. There is an agricultural show held at Abington in the last week of August, open to the adjoining parishes, where there are annually seen some excellent specimens of the several breeds of stock for which the district is famous. The farms in this parish are part dairy, part sheep. Ayrshire cattle alone are reared, and dairies have from 15 to 40 cows. Young cows are reared to a considerable extent on every farm, and are kept till they are three years old, when they have their first calf. The milk is manufactured principally into cheese in summer, and sent to Glasgow during winter. The cheese consists of Cheddar and Dunlop. The sheep stock consists of both Cheviot and blackfaced; but, with a few changes from Cheviot into blackfaced in recent years, the hardy breed now predominates. The most notable farm on the estate is Nether Abington, tenanted by Mr John Morton at a rent of £550 a year, on which great improvements have been made, to be afterwards noticed. Among others are Crawfordjohn farm let to Mr Edward Watson for £380, Over Abington to Mr James Paterson at £346, 6s., Gilkerscleuch Mains to Mr Thomas Inch at £354, 13., Liscleuch to Mr John Williamson at £373, 12s., and Boghouse to Mr Alexander Dalgleish at £358. The Earl of Home has several large farms, including Netherton and Blackhill let to Messrs David and John French at £980, and Stonehill to Mr Ebenezer Ritchie at £645, 13s.

In the west of the upper ward, 12 miles long by 4 to 7 miles wide, and extending from the county of Ayr to the river Clyde, is the parish of Douglas, including the fertile and beautiful vale of Douglas water, but consisting chiefly of high hills covered with grass to their summits, and stretching away into moorland wastes so extensive that there are said to be over 25,000 acres of moor in the parish. The fertile vale of Douglas water, however, maintains the character bestowed long ago, as "a pleasant strath, plentiful in grass and corn." This stream, one of the largest tributaries of the Clyde, rises in Douglas Rig, Cairntable, and after a course of 16 miles, three-fourths of it through Douglas parish, joins the Clyde, having received some smaller streams, such as the Monkburn, the Carmacoup burn, the Kinnox, the Poniel, and others. These all contribute to the beauty, and promote the verdure of the district. Coal, limestone, and freestone are worked in the parish, which likewise abounds with marble, Besides the town of Douglas, which has seven annual fairs, there are the three small villages of Rigside (inhabited chiefly by colliers) Tablestone, and Redhill. On the valuation roll are 107 proprietors, many of whom are owners only of houses and pendicles in the villages; nine-tenths of the parish are owned by the Earl of Home, as representative of the Barons of Douglas. The area of the parish is 34,137 acres, and the valued rent £22,496, 17s. In 1881 there were 441 inhabited houses, and 2641 in habitants; in 1871 the inhabited houses were 420, and 2624 of a population. The hills are numerous and high, including in the west and north, Little Cairntable, 1693 feet; Douglas Rig, 1454; Parish Holm, 1400; Hareshaw, 1527; Monkshead, 1594; Hag-shaw, 1540; Commonhill, 1445; and Windrow, 1297; in the south and east, Northbottom, 1435; Dryriggs, 1443; Auchendaff, 1399; Kinnox, 1270; Hartwood, 1311; Auchendaff, 1286; and Wild-shaw, 1136. In the extreme east, but just beyond the boundary, is Cairntable, 1942 feet high. There is no natural wood of any extent in the parish, but patches of birch may be found in hollows among the hills. There are, however, many thousands of acres of plantations, growing larch, spruce, fir, oak, ash, and elm. There are many extensive farms producing the finest specimens of blackfaced sheep. On the banks of the Douglas Water, near the village, is Douglas Castle, an elegant mansion, surrounded by extensive plantations; and in a park stretching away to Cairntable, some ash trees are pointed out on which the powerful Earls of Douglas were wont to hang persons who came under their displeasure. The spire and aisle of St Bride's Church are still preserved, and in a vault are the tombs of the family, including "the good Lord James," the friend of Bruce, and the hero of Castle Dangerous. The remains of that fortress still exist, near the modern mansion. The policies, grass parks, and farm of Douglas Castle are placed on the valuation roll at £1269 a-year; the stables, gamekeeper's house, lodge, and garden at £250; and the land under wood at £1100. The minerals at Rigside and Glasphin are let for £1170. In the parish there are at present fully 7000 blackfaced sheep, exclusive of lambs, but they are gradually increasing; and 5000 Cheviots, exclusive of lambs, but gradually diminishing. The annual loss by death, exclusive of lambs, is about 2 per cent. of blackfaced, and 4 per cent. of Cheviots. The usual rent per sheep is 6s. to 12s. on blackfaced and Cheviots. There are no cross bred lambs except in parks or on some other low-lying land.

Lesmahagow, 14 miles long by 12 miles in width, extends from the banks of the Clyde, in a series of broad swelling uplands, to the borders of Ayrshire, where the hills reach an elevation of 1200 feet. It has an area of 41,299 acres, and the valuation roll shows a rent of £67,694 a year. In 1881 there were 1877 inhabited houses, and a population of 9949; in 1871 the inhabited houses were 1364, and the population 8709. There are 501 proprietors on the valuation roll, many of whom have small holdings. Among the principal proprietors are John Stirling Alston, Esq.; W. C. S. Cuninghame, Esq., of Caprington Castle, Kilmarnock; the Earl of Home; the Duke of Hamilton; James Charles Hope Vere, Esq., of Blackwood; and the trustees of the late General Sir Thomas Monteath Douglas of Stonebyres. The parish is drained by the Poniel, the Douglas, the Logan, the Nethan, the Kype, and other streams; and along their banks, as well as near the Clyde, are fine alluvial lands. The village of Lesmahagow is beautifully situated on the Nethan, 6 miles from Lanark; and, besides being the capital of a parish extensive, fertile, and populous, its prosperity is enhanced by a large cotton mill in the neighbourhood. The other villages are Kirkfieldbank, Kirkmuirhill, Boghead, Hazelbank, and New Trows. Near Crossford, on the banks of the Nethan, are the ruins of Craignethan Castle, described by Sir Walter Scott under the name of Tillietudlem: and along the banks of the Clyde, from Kirkfieldbank to Crossford are many orchards. The parish is one of considerable agricultural value. The orchards near the Clyde contain apples, pears, plums; and gardens yield gooseberries, currants, rasps, and strawberries. In the higher districts the crops are late and harvest precarious. The common rotation is the five or six shift, but freedom of cropping is generally allowed. The average yield of oats per acre is 4 to 6 quarters, with an average weight of 35 to 38 lbs. a bushel. The common yield of potatoes is 7 to 8 tons an acre, of turnips 12 to 15 tons, and of hay 2 tons. Grain is sown in the last week of March and the first week of April, turnips from the 15th of May till the beginning of June. Harvest begins about the middle of September. The stock consists of Ayrshire cows and blackfaced sheep, and stock of both kinds has improved during the past twenty-five years. There is now less cropping and more cattle kept; and they are much better fed and sold younger. A good deal of land has been drained, the proprietor giving the tiles; and steadings and fences are generally good. Servants are generally lodged in the farm houses, and the wages are at least a third more than they were thirty years since. Bents from 1850 till 1870 rose 30 to 50 per cent., but where leases have been renewed lately there has been little or no change. The chief dairy produce of the district is Dunlop cheese.

In early times Lesmahagow was a place of considerable consequence. In the year 1144 David I. granted the church of that place as a cell to the abbey of Kelso, and, by the same charter, conferred on it the secular privilege of sanctuary, within a space marked by four crosses, in these terms,—"whoso, for escaping peril of life or limb, flees to said cell, or conies within the four crosses that stand around it; of reverence to God and St Machutus, I grant him my firm peace." The "king's peace" was a privilege attached to the sovereign's court and castle, but which he could confer on other persons or places; and the penalty for raising the hand to strike within the king's girth was four cows to the king, and one to him whom the offender would have struck. For slaying a man "in the king's peace" the forfeit was nine score cows to the king, besides "the assythment" or composition to the kin of him slain "after the assise of the land." The pastoral character pertains largely to the parishes of Roberton and Wiston, Lamington, and Culter. The united parish of Roberton and Wiston, on the west bank of the Clyde, is 5½ miles long by 2½ in width, with an area of 13,140 acres, of which 4606 acres are arable, and 7976 heathy pasture. The valuation is £8636, 7s. There were 116 inhabited houses in 1881, and 562 inhabitants; in 1871 the houses were 135, and the inhabitants 680. In 1861 the population was 786. The parish has a hilly surface, rising from the Clyde toward the north, where Tinto forms the boundary. The farming is dairy and pastoral, most of the sheep being blackfaced, varied with a few flocks of Cheviots. The Earl of Home is the chief proprietor. Mr Johnston Ferguson, Wiston Lodge, owns several farms, and has a residence at the base of Tinto. Mr M'Queen Mackintosh also has several farms, and has his comfortable looking house on the banks of the Clyde, close to Lamington Station.

The united parish of Wandell and Lamington, on the southeast bank of the Clyde, is 9 miles long by 4 in width, with an area of 12,820 acres; and a valued rent of £8293, 14s. It contained 62 inhabited houses in 1881, with 316 of a population; in 1871 there were 63 inhabited houses, with 332 inhabitants; in 1861 the population was 380. The parish has an upland surface, rising to a height of 1300 to 1400 feet; but there are arable haughs near the Clyde, 400 acres in extent, besides patches of holm land scattered here and there. Many streams well stocked with trout flow down from the hills, and are attractive to anglers. At Lamington village is a station of the Caledonian Railway. The holm or level land is well cultivated, diversified with hillocks and gracefully adorned with trees; the hills are smooth and dry, and afford excellent pasture. In the holms the soil is generally a deep rich loam, and toward the hills a free and kindly soil. An embankment along the Clyde, the whole length of Lamington parish, was constructed in 1835-36 at a cost of £2000, and gives great protection to the holm lands. Dairying and sheep breeding form the usual routine of agriculture in the parish. The sheep are blackfaced. On account of the expense and the difficulty in securing efficient management of the dairy in recent years several herds have either been greatly reduced, or have given place wholly to the more easily managed woolly tribe. Lord Lamington owns fully half the parish, and has a stately house near the village of Lamington, the surroundings of which have been greatly beautified by the present holder of the Lamington estate.

Culter, in the south-east part of the upper ward, is 7½ miles long by 3½ wide, with an area of 10,175 acres, and a valuation of £7000, 3s. There were 92 inhabited houses in 1881, with 428 inhabitants; in 1871 the houses were 98 and the inhabitants 447. In 1861 the population was 484. There are on the valuation roll eleven proprietors, the principal of whom is John Menzies Baillie, Esq., of Culterallers. Part of the parish is well wooded, but toward the south, where it forms the watershed with the county of Peebles, the hills are high and bare. The farm of Culterallers, on which is a notable stock of blackfaced sheep, is let, along with Snaip, to Mr Robert Watson for £724. The house and home farm of Culter Maynes are on the east side of the Clyde, and the grass parks are let for £660 a year. Mr D. Sim, the proprietor, constructed high embankments, thus adding to the value of the rich holms by protecting them from the river floods. There are about 2100 acres of heathy pasture, most of it rough; and in 1859 it was calculated that the parish contained 6000 Cheviot and 5500 blackfaced sheep, 538 cows, 212 queys, 162 calves, and 132 horses. On the estate of Culterallers, near the mansion, is a maple tree, which, in 1800, measured 8 feet in circumference at 3 feet above the ground; in 1835 it measured 10 feet, and was believed to be the largest tree of its kind in Scotland, excepting one at Roseneath in Dumbartonshire. A limb has been broken off since then, which weighed from 20 to 30 cwts. The present measurement is about 9 feet, and the only limb left is a little over 6 feet at 3 feet above the trunk. It was considerably more, but by the fall of the limb the trunk was divided almost right down the centre. Great efforts have been made to save the remainder by covering it with zinc, then removing the covering and cleaning and painting the broken part; but now, though apparently healthy in foliage, it is open from the break to the ground. A young tree grown from seed of the large one was planted in 1882.

Pettinain is a small parish with an area of 3900 acres and a valuation of £4800, 10s. In 1881 the inhabited houses were 59 and the population 360; in 1871 there were 67 houses and a population of 366; in 1861 there were 407 inhabitants. The parish is 3 miles long from north-east to south-west, with an extreme width of 2½ miles. The surface is uneven, and Westraw Hill attains a height of 1000 feet. The soil is of various qualities in the low grounds; in the uplands it is moorish. The village of Pettinain is situated on the banks of the Clyde, 4 miles east of Lanark, and is within easy reach of Carstairs, Carnwath, and Thankerton stations. Westraw House, in this parish was the residence of the last Earl of Hyndford, who took much interest in the agriculture of the district; and in the parish there are still some good and well managed farms.

Carmichael parish is 5½ miles long by 3 to 4½ in width, and has an area of 11,314 acres, with a valuation of £9967, 1s. In 1881 there were 141 inhabited houses, and a population of 770; in 1871 there were 132 inhabited houses and 708 of a population. In 1861 the population was 886. There are 8 proprietors on the valuation roll, but some are small, and nearly the whole parish belongs to Sir W. C. J. Carmichael Anstruther, Bart., and the Earl of Home. The parish has a very diversified surface, extending from the Clyde, where it is joined by the Douglas water, to the top of Tinto, 2316 feet high. Except Tinto, the elevations are not great; and there is a gradual transition from the wild grandeur of the pastoral region to the greater mildness and fertility of the middle ward. The soil in general is light and friable, and near the Clyde is fertile. The farms are of moderate size, few of them exceeding £200 a year of rent, and the amount per acre is from £1 to £1, 10s.

The neighbouring parish of Symington, likewise on the left bank of the Clyde, has an area of 3504 acres and a rental of £6496. In 1881 there were 108 inhabited houses and 462 inhabitants; in 1871 the inhabited houses were 184, and the inhabitants 442. In 1861 the population was 528. The parish contains some arable and fertile land near the Clyde, which now gently glides with many windings through a tract of alluvial meadows; and westward it extends to the top of Tinto. There are twenty-five proprietors on the valuation roll, with some good sized farms; but there are many remnants of old pendicles rented at £16 to £45; and the aspect of the parish, with thatched homesteads and byres in a line with the houses, indicates the existence of some farmers who do the whole farm work by themselves and their families.

On the opposite bank of the river is Libberton parish, with an area of 8231 acres, and a valued rent of £8105, 12s. In 1881 there were 114 inhabited houses, with a population of 625; in 1871 the houses were 123, and the population 691. In 1861 the population was 836. The parish includes some fine haugh land along the banks of the Clyde and its tributaries, the north and south Medwyns, but towards the east it is more elevated. There are 20 proprietors on the valuation roll, the principal of whom are Sir S, M. Lockhart, Bart., John George Chancellor, Esq., of Shieldhill, and the Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge. The estate of Shieldhill has a gross rental of about £2000, and the average rent of the estate is about £1, 10s. per acre. The gross rent has increased about £400 in the last twenty-five years. In the same period about 300 acres on this estate have been reclaimed at a cost of about £15 an acre, and 450 acres have been planted. Twenty years ago Mr Brown, of Libberton Mains farm, on the Carnwath estate of Sir S. M. Lockhart, Bart., incurred the expense of building large tanks and erecting a steam-engine for the purpose of utilizing the liquid rejected by the dung heap. His idea was that about six acres of land in grass near the steading were sufficient to absorb beneficially all the liquid manure on his farm of about 700 acres, on which the whole straw and turnip crop were consumed. This arrangement lasted for some years, but has long been discontinued.

Covington parish has an area of 5114 acres, and a valued rental of £6725, 11s. In 1881 there were 104 inhabited houses, and 444 of a population; in 1871 the houses were 104, and the population 454. In 1861 the population was 532. The chief cause of the decrease of population in this and neighbouring parishes is the failure of hand-loom weaving, at one time the only industry competing with farm labour, but now almost unknown owing to the introduction of power looms. In the parish there are 17 proprietors on the valuation roll, but most of them are only feuars of a house and garden. There are only four proprietors of any extent; of whom the principal are Sir W. C. J. Carmichael Anstruther, Bart., and Sir S. M. Lockhart, Bart. There is a considerable extent of flat land of good agricultural value, and the upland slopes, which attain no great elevation except on the sides of Tinto, are clothed with grain and green crops alternating with sound pasture. Near the kirk, and surrounded by noble old trees, are the ruins of Covington Tower, an ancient fortress of the Lindsays; and near it an ancient dovecote also of great age, to which the only access for pigeons is from the top. It is inhabited by hundreds of pigeons. The farm of Covington Mains, conjoined with Covington Mill, both on the estate of Sir S. M. Lockhart, Bart., is farmed by Mr Allan M'Lean, and carries a good dairy stock. The neighbouring farm of Meadow-flatt is held by Mr Hugh Lindsay. The buildings are excellent, and the steading is finely situated on the south slope of a hill looking out on Tinto and the mountainous district of the upper ward. There is a breeding and feeding stock of sheep and cattle on the farm, which is in all respects well managed. As an indication of the good feeling which exists between landlord and tenant on the estate of the Lockharts of Lee, it may be stated that the farm of Meadow-flatt has been held by the Lindsay family for five generations, or over 160 years, and that the present occupant, Mr Hugh Lindsay, till four years since, held the adjoining farm of Covington Mains, which had also been for five generations in possession of his ancestors in the female line, named Prentice. Among other prominent farms in the parish are Covington, Hillhead, let to Mr Archibald Stodart, and Lower and Upper Warrenhill, let to Mr John Tweedie for £285, and Sheriff-flatts to Mr William Bell at £450.

Carnwath, about the middle of the east side of the county, extends from the banks of the Clyde in a northerly direction to the borders of Mid-Lothian, and is 12 miles long by 8 in width. Its area is 30,446 acres, and its valuation £42,593, 14s. The number of inhabited houses in 1881 was 1113, with a population of 5831; in 1871 there were 1073 houses with 5709 of a population. In 1861 the population was 3594. On the valuation roll appear the names of 240 proprietors, but the greater part of the parish belongs to Sir S. M. Lockhart, Bart., who has sixty-five tenants on the roll, some of them with large and good holdings. The writer of the report in 1791 describes the land near the village as sandy, with a mixture more or less of black loam; the holms near the Clyde a deep, rich, clay; those on the Medwyn more inclined to sand; in the Muirland either a cold stiff clay, or moss with clay or sand at bottom. In the dale land, as locally named, "the grass is sweet and good, fit either for rearing or feeding black cattle or sheep" but "in the Muir-lands much of the pasture is boggy, producing plenty of a coarse, sour, benty grass calculated better for rearing than fattening the cattle upon it; and large tracts of such land lie in the course of the burns which permeate the northern part of the parish." It is added that "flow mosses abound in the parish 20 to 30 feet deep, much on a dead level, and irredeemable." In 1834 it was said that "draining has been executed to a great extent in every part of the parish within the last forty years;" and "within the last thirty years there has been taken out of moss and brought into crop from 800 to 1000 acres." Attention was also given to the stable, the byre, and the barn, but the farm houses were not considered relatively so good as the steadings. Since 1834 the parish has been still further improved, and that to a large extent. According to the Ordnance Survey there are now 16,526 acres of arable land, of moss and rough pasture 4387, meadow 85, heathy pasture 3117, rough pasture 4066, and wood 1296. One of the largest and most important farms in the parish is Calla, the property of Sir S. M. Lockhart, and tenanted by Mr A. Fleming. The farm includes 350 acres of arable land, with 900 acres of pasture and moor. The farmhouse is substantial and commodious, and the lawn and adjuncts are kept with admirable neatness. The steading is stone-built and slated, uncommonly well arranged and thoroughly substantial. Through the kitchen there is access to the dairy, and the passage is continued to the byre and over the whole steading, without the necessity of going outside. The ordinary produce of the dairy is Dunlop cheese, the making of which is facilitated by all modern improvements. The byre is 120 feet long, by 21½ feet wide, and 9 feet high, and it is arranged to keep forty cows. The straw barn and hay shed have easy communication with the byre. Though surrounded by higher grounds there is no adequate water supply by gravitation, but water is forced up by a ram from a lower level. The farm has been occupied by Mr Fleming for a lease of nineteen years, and about half of a second lease has expired, during which period great improvements have been made. Much land, formerly moor, has been broken up, fenced, drained, and limed, and brought under the plough. Part of the fencing has been done by the proprietor. Some of the fences are wire, others are stone dykes. The soil is generally light. The rotation of crops on the arable land extends over eight years usually; but less is ploughed than there was formerly, and hay is cultivated instead. The sheep on the hill land are blackfaced ewes, and all the stock of both sheep and cattle is bred on the farm. They are fed chiefly on the produce of the farm, but partly and increasingly on cake and meal. The surplus animals are sold partly at public sales, partly at home.

Another extensive and valuable farm is Lampits, also in the estate of Sir S. M. Lockhart, and occupied by Mr Mather. Situated within a mile east from Carstairs Junction, the farm has a good proportion of holm land, which is liable to be overflowed by the Clyde, but the steadings on East and West Lampits are finely placed on elevated sites, and the farm buildings are all in the best style. The farm is arable with a dairy, but the cows are let to a lower or dairyman.

Mr Purdie Somerville occupies the farm of Muirhouse on the same estate, but in the parish of Libberton. The stock consists of cattle, pigs, and sheep; the two former reared on the farm, the sheep purchased, fed, and again sold. Through better feeding the stock in the district has improved in recent years. There has been little change in the system of cropping, but a good deal of moor has been brought under cultivation; and, on the whole, there is more stock, and better kept.

Mr Anderson, West Forth, has a farm of 300 acres, for which he pays £394 of rent. About 50 acres of oats are grown each year, with a proportion of turnips and potatoes; but the principal stock consists of 52 Ayrshire cows, and the industry of the farm is the production of butter. The whole produce is consigned to one merchant in Edinburgh, who pays 1s. 6d. a pound all the year. In winter the cows are fed on pease meal, hay, and boiled chaff; and Mr Anderson calculates that the amount paid for feeding is equal to the rent. On the farm there are 50 acres of natural meadow, and 50 acres improved out of moss, and sown with Timothy. The meadows are top dressed with 18 to 20 cart loads of dung to an acre.

The village of Carnwath is a station on the Caledonian Railway, 7 miles from Lanark and 25 from Edinburgh, and was doubtless coeval with the first settlement of the Somervilles in the 12th century. In 1451 it was erected a burgh of barony. It was formerly a quaint, old-fashioned place, consisting of thatched cottages, badly arranged; but is now a clean little town, half-a-mile long, containing a double line of stone-built and slated houses, with some specimens of the older type still left. A mile to the north-west are the ruins of Cowdailly or Cowthally Castle, the fortress of the Somervilles, on a promontary projecting into the morass—a dismal tract called Carnwath Moor—which extends from Causeway-end in Lothian to Carnwath, and through which the traveller from Edinburgh approaches this part of Clydesdale. There used to be annual fairs in Carnwath for horses, cattle, and sheep, but they have fallen into disuse, with the exception of two in the year for hiring servants. The other villages in the parish are Forth, Newbigging, and Braehead. In the parish there are quarries of lime and freestone, and extensive ironworks founded in 1779 by two brothers named Wilson, who built the village of Wilsontown for the accommodation of their workpeople. The situation was exceedingly convenient, as coal, ironstone, limestone, and fire clay were all on the ground where the blast furnaces were built. The works were purchased in 1821 by Mr Dixon of the Calder Iron Works.

Carstairs, extending from the north bank of the Clyde to the borders of Mid-Lothian, between Carnwath on the east and Lanark on the west, consists of a higher and a lower district, separated by an elevated ridge. The Mouse water traverses the centre of the parish. The area of the parish is 9820 acres, of which 6010 are arable, and 1857 rough pasture; and its valued rent is £15,974, 13s. In 1881 the inhabited houses were 387, and the population 1955 ; in 1871 the houses were 258, with a population of 1718 ; and in 1861 the population was 1345. On the valuation roll there are fifty-three proprietors, of whom the principal is Robert Menteith, Esq., of Carstairs. The mansion is an elegant Gothic structure, situated close to Carstairs Junction, and surrounded with fine trees. The lawn, gardens, and shrubberies are extensive and well arranged, but an expanse of rough heather in close contiguity shows the wild and moorish character of the soil in its natural state. The home farm is valued at £490 a year, the grass parks at £600, woods £100, mansion, lodge, and stables at £215. On the east side of the mansion and grounds, and including in its centre the station and village of Carstairs Junction, is Strawfrank farm, occupied by Mr John Allison. Like all farms in the district, Strawfrank includes a herd of Ayrshire cows, the milk of which is partly sold to villagers at the junction, and the remainder sent to Edinburgh or Glasgow. Milk can leave Carstairs at seven in the morning, and the cost of carriage to either city is 1d. a gallon, which is paid by the sender. The price obtained for milk is generally 6d. a gallon in summer, and 10d. to 11d. in winter; from this the cost of carriage is deducted. In the agriculture of Strawfrank the six shift is adopted, which consists simply of three years in crop and a like period in pasture. Of green crop there are about 30 acres in potatoes and 10 in turnips, which is about the reverse of the proportion usually adopted in the district. Besides farm yard manure, guano and dissolved bones are applied to the green crop; oil cake and pease meal are used as feeding stuffs for cows. No barley or any grain except oats is grown, and the oats are of the Providence variety, which is most suitable as being an early sort. The yield will be 6 bolls an acre in an average year, and the weight 36, 38, to 40 lbs. a bushel. Potatoes yield 7 to 8 tons of good potatoes to the acre. The soil of the farm is. much mixed. A large tract north of Carstairs Junction has been taken from moss, and from being a worthless morass is now fair soil stocked with sheep and cattle. The whole farm has been drained, but the tiles get speedily filled up with red iron ore, and in three or four years require attention to keep them in order. Mr Allison has fenced and irrigated about 30 acres of meadow close to the railway, which promise a good return. The house and steading are fair; but a new lease has been negotiated in a friendly manner this year, and money is to be laid out in improving the buildings. The factor on the estate is Mr John Ord Mackenzie, W.S.; and it should be mentioned as indicating at once a conscientious tenant and the existence of his confidence in the proprietor and factor that no diminution of manure or other deteriorating influence was allowed to operate toward the close of the lease.

In the higher district of the parish Mr Eliott-Lockhart of Cleghorn, and of Borthwickbrae, near Hawick, has six farms, of which the best is Harelaw, recently rented at £450 a year. In the moorland district the soil is a mixture of clay and black earth; the dale or low land generally sharp, sandy soil; but both divisions are of fair quality and capable of producing good crops in an average season.

The parish of Lanark has an area of 10,385 acres, of which the ordnance survey gives 7053 arable, 524 heathy pasture, 629 rough pasture, and 1220 under wood. The valuation is £22,029, 3s. In 1881 the population of the parliamentary burgh was 4909 ; of the royal, beyond the parliamentary burgh, 951; and of the landward part of the parish, 1706. In 1871 the numbers were 5099, 715, and 2012. In 1861 the population of the parish was 7891. Lanark is believed to have been the Roman "Colonia," a station on Watling Street; and the place where Kenneth II. held a council in 978, Alexander I. erected it into a royal burgh, and the privileges conferred by him were confirmed by Robert I., James V., and Charles I. During the wars with England, as well as afterwards in the time of Charles II., Lanark was the scene of important transactions. The town occupies an elevated and healthy site half a mile from the Clyde, and contains handsome buildings and good shops. It unites with Airdrie, Hamilton, Falkirk, and Linlithgow in electing a member of Parliament. The market days are Tuesday and Saturday; and fairs are held on the Wednesday before the 12th May for rough sheep and black cattle, on the Wednesday before the 12th August for horses, and on the previous Monday and Tuesday for blackfaced, Cheviot, and cross lambs; and on the Thursday after Falkirk October tryst for cattle and horses. Races take place about 2 miles from the town on the day after the Whitsunday fair. A mile from the town is the manufacturing village of New Lanark, founded about 1784 by David Dale, who built the first of the present long range of cotton spinning mills, and constructed a subterranean aqueduct 300 feet long, cut through the solid rock, so as to utilise the waters of the Clyde. The mill was purchased in 1799 by a number of English capitalists for £66,000, and entered on a new career under the management of a son-in-law of Dale, Robert Owen, to whom the town is indebted for its educational establishments. In 1814 the business was offered to public competition, and purchased by Owen, for a Quaker company, at £112,000. In 1827 Owen ceased to have any connection with the village, and the factory passed into other hands. In 1873 the New Lanark company was entered as possessing 274 acres of land at a valued rent of £2318. The parish is noted in connection with the falls of the Clyde.

In 1772 Pennant wrote of the land near Lanark, "much barley, oats, peas, and potatoes are raised about the town, and some wheat." The manure most in use was a white marl full of shells, found about four feet below the peat, in a stratum 5½ feet thick; it takes effect after the first year, and produces vast crops. The same writer adds that " numbers of horses are bred here, which, at two years old, are sent to the marshes of Ayrshire, where they are kept till they are fit for use." The surface of the parish is hilly. At New Lanark it rises 600 feet above the sea level, and the moor of Lanark is 150 feet higher. In some parts the soil is free, in other places stiff, with a retentive clay subsoil; some of the moor is good boggy land, other parts are hard heather. A common rotation is oats, green crop, oats, then hay or pasture, and afterwards four years in grass. Oats yield about 30 bushels an acre, weighing 38 to 40 lbs. a bushel. Potatoes, manured with 30 cart loads of farm yard manure and 6 cwts of Peruvian guano and bone meal mixed, yield 6 to 8 tons an acre. Land is rented at £1 to £2, and in some cases £2, 10s., an acre; and newly reclaimed land, after having undergone one or two rotations, lets at 10s. to 15s. an acre. With the town of Lanark begins a rapid descent toward the Clyde; orchards speedily begin to appear, and the banks of the river are covered with them from Lanark to the parish of Dalziell. The Mouse water, which rises among the hills on the eastern border of Carnwath parish, joins the Clyde two miles below Lanark by the romantic ravine of the Cartland crags.

In the neighbourhood of Lanark are handsome mansions, including Lee House, the residence of Sir Simon Macdonald Lock-hart, Bart. The house is castellated in style, and the approach is a fine drive through a wooded park containing some trees of large dimensions. In the mansion is the "Lee Penny," a talisman of eastern origin, said to have been brought from Palestine in the fourteenth century by Simon Locard, ancestor of the present family.

Carluke, adjoining Lanark on the north bank of the Clyde, has a generally well cultivated surface, including orchards which cover 130 acres. The area of the parish is 15,345 acres, and the Valuation £51,230, 4s. In 1881 the inhabited houses in the town were 862, with a population of 3867; in the landward part 868 inhabited houses and 4685 inhabitants. In 1871 the inhabited houses in the town were 439, and the inhabitants 3423; in the landward portion 596 inhabited houses and 3645 inhabitants. On the valuation roll there are 408 proprietors, and the valuation is £40,567. The Mauldslie colliery is in the parish, and its rent is £2526, 3s., and another colliery rented at £717, 15s. The Coltness Iron Company is also in the parish. The valuation of ironstone, limestone, brickfields, &c, is £821, 12s.; and there are rents paid to the company for quarries of ironstone, freestone, &c, and for clayfield and workmen's houses. The Shotts iron works are in the parish, and the valuation of the works at Castlehill is £900.

The western and larger half of the parish is an undulating expanse, having a considerable elevation toward the west called the hill of Mauldslie, beyond which, and within half a mile of the Lee and the Clyde valley on the south and south-east, the ground suddenly descends toward the Garion, the Clyde, and the Lee. The eastern side rises gradually till it is elevated nearly 1000 feet above the sea level at King's Law and Kilcadzow Law, after which it descends toward the western boundary of Carstairs parish. The lower and flat part of the parish is well divided and planted; but the upland, though generally divided and partially planted, is more bleak, and ultimately runs into moorland. The most fertile spots are on the Clyde, where the soil, washed down from the banks, is rich and deep; and to a greater or less degree, this occurs under all the rising grounds. A valuable bit of pasture for sheep is at the base of King's Law, 900 feet high, in a spot naturally bleak and barren, which originates in the shales thrown aside in working, at a remote period, the limestone found there. The burgh of Carluke is 5 miles from Lanark, and is a station on main line of the Caledonian Railway. It has two annual fairs.

In the middle ward the Clyde winds through a fertile and well wooded valley, the land on either side rising up gradually toward the moorland. On the southern margin of the stream are the parishes of Dalserf, Hamilton, Blantyre, Cambuslang, and Rutherglen, and on its north bank are Cambusnethan, Dalziell, Bothwell, and Old Monkland. Dalserf parish is 6½ miles long by 4 in width, with a valued rent of £37,355, 3s.; has a rich surface generally in a high state of cultivation; and has 50 acres of orchards besides extensive plantations. The village, one of the neatest in Scotland, 6 miles from Hamilton, is in a low situation, sheltered by high banks of the Clyde, and having to the eastward a large fertile valley called Dalserf holm, round which the river makes a circular sweep. Other villages in the parish are Millhaugh, Larkhall, Pleasance, and Rosebank; the inhabitants of which are employed in mines or in cotton and lace weaving. The parish abounds in coal, limestone, and ironstone. The great roads from Glasgow to Carlisle, and to Lanark by the Clyde, and from Edinburgh to Ayr, intersect the parish. In 1881 there were in the town of Larkhall 1115 inhabited houses and 6407 of a population, in the landward part of the parish 536 houses and 2791 inhabitants; in 1871 the houses in the town were 656 and the population 4885, in the landward portion 402 houses and 2456 inhabitants. In 1861 the inhabitants numbered 4876.

The adjoining parish of Stonehouse has a gently sloping surface, well enclosed, with considerable plantations and a rich and fertile soil. The village of Stonehouse, 18 miles from Glasgow, but close to the Caledonian Railway, has a main street nearly a mile long, and is mostly inhabited by weavers. The area of the parish is 6241 acres, and the valued rent £13,014, 18s. In 1881 the inhabited houses in the town were 511, and the inhabitants 2615; in the landward district, houses 104, population 538. In 1871 there were 412 houses and 2623 inhabitants in the town, and in the landward district 100 houses with 554 inhabitants. In 1861 the total population was 3267. Coal, lime, freestone, and ironstone are found in the parish, but in thin beds. There are three annual fairs for the sale of black cattle and wool.

Avondale or Strathaven, a large parish, 13½ miles long by 5 to 8 in width with a valued rent of £40,254, 15s., is green, fertile, and wooded in the lower district, but with a heathy and mossy surface in the upland portion. About half the parish is cultivated, and it has long been conspicuous for dairy produce and the rearing of calves—the herbage being specially adapted for improving the beef and milk of cattle. Great quantities of potatoes are also grown. The town is a burgh of barony, 14 miles from Glasgow, and the inhabitants are supported chiefly by weaving. The Avon rises in the high grounds in the borders of Ayrshire, and flows in a northward direction, receiving many tributary streams, and joining the Clyde a little way above Hamilton Palace. In the lower district the vale is conspicuous for pastoral beauty, including splendid old wood and numerous mansions ancient and modern. The area of the parish is 37,533 acres. In 1881 the inhabited houses in the town of Strathaven were 562, and the inhabitants 3812; in the landward district 289 houses and 1654 inhabitants. In 1871 the houses in the town were 450, and the inhabitants 3645; in the landward district houses 299, population 1815. In 1861 the population numbered 6125.

Glassford, containing the villages of Chapelton, Westquarter, and Heads, is a parish 8 miles long by 2 miles in width, with a valued rent of £10,300, 14s., with some fertile soil near the river, but in the uplands an expanse of moor, a good proportion of which has been improved. The parish contains 6442 acres. In 1881 the inhabited houses were 265, and the population 1452; in 1871 the houses 246 and the population was 1430. In 1861 the population was 1938.

East Kilbride is 10 miles long by 3 in width, has an area of 22,760 acres, and a valuation of £41,117. It contains the villages of Auldhouse, Crossbill, Jackton, Braehead, Nerston, Kiltochside, Maxwellton, and part of Busby. The surface is hilly, with a large tract of moor; and Eldrig attains a height of 1600 feet. The White Cart river traces part of the western boundary on the borders of Ayrshire ; and other streams are the Powmillan, Kittock, and the Rotten Calder. The roads from Glasgow to Muirkirk, and from Eaglesham to Hamilton traverse the parish. Dunlop cheese is made in the district, and a fair for cattle is held annually in May. In 1881 the inhabited houses were, in the town of Busby, 116, population 620; in the landward district, houses 646 with a population of 3355. In 1871 houses in Busby 35, population 526; landward district, houses 541, inhabitants 3335. In 1861 the population was 4064.

Cambusnethan parish, on the north-east bank of the Clyde, extends from the river 12 miles in an easterly direction to the verge of the county, and contains 16,608 acres with a valued rent of £85,458, 5s. In the parish are extensive and rich haughs or meadow lands, well enclosed, varied with good plantations, and orchards noted for apples. The higher lands towards the east attain a height of 800 or 900 feet. The south Calder forms the boundary between Cambusnethan and Shotts and the banks of that stream, before its junction with the Clyde, are romantically wooded. The Garrion burn also flows through the parish, amid precipitous wooded ravines and a beautiful country. The parish abounds in freestone, ironstone, and coal. The Shotts Iron Company have blast furnaces at the village of Stain, in the east end of the parish. At Wishaw and Coltness are extensive tile works. Cambusnethan or Wishawtown is a station on the Caledonian Railway, and has an extensive distillery. The village is inhabited chiefly by weavers. The villages of Stewarton, Bonkle, and Kircknow are in the parish; and the principal mansions are Wishaw House, belonging to Lord Belhaven and Stenton, Cambusnethan House, Allanton, Coltness, and Muir-house. In 1881 there were in the town of Newmains, including Coltness ironworks, 478 inhabited houses, with 2682 inhabitants; in part of Wishaw 2127 houses, with 10,782 inhabitants; and in the landward part of the parish 1409 inhabited houses, with a population of 7359. In 1871 there were in Newmains 444 houses and 2545 of a population; in Wishaw 1435 houses and 8812 inhabitants; in the landward district 1523 houses and 8969 of a population. In 1861 the total population was 14,601.

In the north-east of the county, having Linlithgow on its east side, 10 miles long by about 8 in width, and with an area of 24 944 acres, and a valuation of £26,047, is the parish of Shotts. The surface is generally level, but there are several hills from the summits of which can be seen the towns of Glasgow, Hamilton, and Paisley; and it is said fourteen counties can be seen in whole or in part. The North and South Calders and other streams intersect the parish. The soil is chiefly clay, with a mixture of loam on the banks of the river, and peat in places. Near Kirk of Shotts the country has a wild and dreary aspect, in which all the wealth is underground ; and it is said to be the highest cultivated land in Scotland. The farm steadings are good and firmly built, and look as if they included a considerable proportion of the agricultural value of the land. The prevailing rocks belong to the Carboniferous formation, and include coal, ironstone, and whinstone; all of which are worked. In the south side of the parish is a stratum of fine clay. The parish is traversed by the south road from Edinburgh to Glasgow ; and by a branch mineral railway in connection with the Caledonian system. The Shotts and Omoa Ironworks were established in 1757, and are still carried on, furnishing employment to many of the inhabitants. In 1881 the inhabited houses were 2014, and the population 11,214; in 1871 the houses were 1332, and the inhabitants 8353. In 1861 the population was 7343.

Bordering with the counties of Dumbarton and Stirling, extending 9 miles from east to west, with an extreme width of 7 miles, an area of 19,885 acres and a valuation of £88,453, 19s. 9d. is New Monkland, including the parliamentary burgh of Airdrie, and the villages of Arden, Ballochney, Clarkston, Riggend, and Wattstown. In 1881 there were in the parliamentary and royal burgh of Airdrie 2743 inhabited houses, and a population of 13,363; in the suburban part of Airdrie 315 houses and 2971 of a population; in the landward part of the parish 2073 houses and 11,481 inhabitants. In 1871 the parliamentary burgh had 1167 houses with 13,488 inhabitants; the suburban portion 287 houses and 873 inhabitants; and the landward parts 1050 houses and a population of 7081. In 1861 the total population was 20,554. The surface is moderately even, with a gradual ascent of 600 to 700 feet above the sea-level toward the centre of the parish. It is described in the Old Statistical Account as " a perfect garden of nature," which seems now an exaggeration, though the parish, with the exception of a few barren hills, is moderately well cultivated. The principal wealth is in minerals, the seams of coal being 9 to 11 feet thick, with ironstone, lime, and freestone in some places. In and near Airdrie are excellent mineral springs. The parish is traversed by the middle road from Glasgow to Edinburgh ; also by the Caledonian and Monkland Railways, which have stations at Airdrie, and by the Monkland Canal. This was formed in 1790, and is 12 miles long, going from Airdrie to the Forth Canal at Port Dundas on the Clyde. It rises 96 feet with eight locks, and falls 21 feet with two locks; and has a reservoir of 300 acres in the parish. New Monkland at a remote period belonged to the monks of Newbattle Abbey.

Old Monkland, 10 miles in length by 4½ in extreme width, and with an area of 10,935 acres and a valuation of £167,583 2s. 6d., includes the towns of Coatbridge, Calderbank, Baillieston, part of Tollcross, and the villages of Braes, Carmyle, Bargeddie, Cairnhill, Causewayside, Dundyvan, New Dundyvan, Langloan, Faskine, Greenend, Barackine, Craigend, Merrystone, West Merrystone, Swinton, Coatdyke, Gartcloss, Gartsherrie, Sum-inerlee, Foxley, Broomhouse, and Dykehead. In 1881 the population was as follows: —

In 1861 the population was 29,543.

The surface is moderately even, and diversified with orchards and thriving plantations. The soil is generally fertile, and is much improved by good cultivation. The parish abounds in coal, ironstone, and freestone, all of which are worked to a considerable extent. There are potteries, bleachfields, muslin weaving mills, and dye-works, but the chief industry is connected with the collieries and mines. Sixty years ago the parish was a rural district; now it is in one of the richest mining localities in Scotland. The principal foundries are Gartsherrie, Dundyvan, Monkland, Calder, Clyde, Summerlee, Carnbrae, and Langloan,

Hamilton parish, about 6 miles square, with an area of 14,243 acres, and a valued rent of £115,704, 17s., contains the town of Hamilton, a parliamentary burgh and burgh of barony, besides Ferniegair and Larkhall. Subjoined are the statistics of the population:—

The municipal boundary was extended in 1878. The total population in 1861 was 14,047.

A clay soil prevails in the uplands, but in the lower districts the soil is of average quality and well cultivated. The river Clyde forms part of the north-eastern boundary, and is here joined by the Avon, which crosses the south-east of the parish. Some small tributaries of these rivers, abounding with fish, issue from the hills and traverse the parish in different directions. Limestone, freestone, whinstone, and fuller's earth are worked, and iron ore and coal are found.

Previous to the reign of Robert II. the whole parish was named Cadzow or Cadyow, but the land was acquired by Sir Walter de Hamildon or Hamilton of Hambleton in Leicestershire, a descendant of the first Earl of Leicester, who changed its name to Hamilton. The old village of Netherton was superseded by Hamilton, which was erected a burgh of regality in 1548, but did not obtain the parliamentary franchise till 1832, when it was joined with Airdrie, Lanark, Falkirk, and Linlithgow. The manufacture of lace was formerly carried on, but it has been superseded by muslin weaving, cambric spinning, and the manufacture of hosiery. There are likewise some handicrafts, such as shoemakers, colliers, nailers, and lace printers.

Not far from the town is Hamilton Palace, a seat of the Dukes of Hamilton and Brandon, situated in a finely timbered park formerly called the Orchard. In the same neighbourhood are Cadzow Old Castle, once a residence of the early Scottish kings, and Chatelherault Castle, built by Adams in imitation of Chatelherault, in Poitou, which Henry II. of France gave with a ducal title to the Earl of Arran. In the park are oak trees said to be the largest in Scotland, as also a herd of cattle, believed to be a remnant of the wild animals that once roamed through the Caledonian Forest. By the historian Boethius, translated by Sir John Bellenden, the ancient breed is described as follows:—"In this wood were sometimes white bulls, with crisp and curling manes, like fierce lions; and though they seemed weak and tame in the remanant figure of their bodies, they were more wild than any other beasts, and had such hatred against the society and company of men that they never came in the woods or lesuries where they found any foot or hand thereof, and many days afterwards they ate not of the herbs that had been touched or handled by man. These bulls were so wild that they were never taken but by slight and crafty labour, and so impatient that after they were taken they died from insupportable dolour. As soon as any man invaded these bulls, they rushed with such terrible press upon him that they struck him to the earth, taking no fear of wounds, sharp lances, or other most penetrative weapons." The bulls in Hamilton Park resemble the ancient denizens of the Caledonian Forest in having a white colour with black muzzles, and a black mane about two or three inches long, and they are fierce, but not so terrible as one might infer from the description quoted above. The average weight of those animals is 60 to 80 stones, and the flesh is of excellent flavour and finely marbled. Some of the bones dug up in Scottish peat mosses represent a larger style of animal than those now existing.

Blantyre, west of Hamilton, and on the south bank of the Clyde, is a level and fertile district, well sheltered by higher grounds. The parish includes the villages of Blantyre, Auchen-raith, Auchintibber, Barnhill, Hunthill, and Stonefield. The area of the parish is 3954 acres, the valuation £40,338. In 1881 the number of inhabited houses in Stonefield town was 784 and the inhabitants 4511; in the landward district 1027 houses and 5249 inhabitants. The total number of houses was 1811, and of inhabitants 9760 ; in 1871 the houses were 335, and the inhabitants 2472. In 1861 the population was 3092. There is cotton manufacture, which gives employment to about 900 persons. The district contains ironstone and limestone. There is a mineral well in the parish, the water of which is efficacious in curing certain skin affections. In the parish is Erskine House, a seat of Lord Blantyre.

The lower ward is small in dimensions, but of great importance, lying as it does immediately round the city of Glasgow. Carmunnock parish is on the east side of the White Cart, the banks of which are beautifully wooded, and has an elevated surface diversified by hill and dale. Cathkin braes, 500 feet above the sea level, commands a rich and varied prospect, extending to Arthur's Seat, the Pentland Hills, Ben Ledi in Perthshire, and the peaks of Arran and Argyllshire. The parish contains coal, ironstone, and limestone, The village of Busby is partly in the parish, and it includes also the village of Carmunnock. The area of the parish is 3479 acres. In 1881 the inhabited houses were 146, and the inhabitants 722; in 1871 the houses were 116 and the inhabitants 702. In 1861 the population numbered 734.

On the west bank of the Clyde, beautifully diversified with hill and dale, is the parish of Cambuslang. The area of the parish is 5160 acres, the valuation £66,695. Dechmont hill rises to a height of 600 feet; and Turnlea hill forms a ridge about half a mile broad, from which the land declines gently, with many beautiful swellings to the Clyde, now 200 to 250 feet in width, and the Calder, which bound the parish for several miles. Some small streams, such as the Kirk Burn, Newton Burn, and Cocks Burn flow through the parish into the Clyde and the Calder. The parish is part of the great coal basin of the Clyde, and freestone also abounds. The villages of East Coats, West Coats, Sauchie Bog, Silver-bank, Lightburn, and Kirkhill are inhabited almost wholly by colliers and weavers. In 1881 there were in the town 1092 inhabited houses, and 5538 inhabitants, in the landward district 697 houses and 3909 inhabitants. In 1871 there were in the town 214 houses and 2104 inhabitants, and in the landward district 296 houses and 1636 inhabitants. In 1861 the population was 3647.

On the left bank of the Clyde, opposite the Barony parish of Glasgow, and on the lower slope of the Cathkin hills, 3 miles long by 1½ in width, with an area of 2151 acres and a valuation of £27,199, is Rutherglen, a parish well cultivated and containing many fine villas. There is abundance of coal and freestone in the parish. The burgh, which now consists of one well paved street, was at one time a place of great importance; and, in the twelfth century, Glasgow was included in its municipal boundaries. Rutherglen was privileged to send one member to the Scottish Parliament; and at the time of the union in 1707 it shared with Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton the right of sending a member to the imperial legislature. The parish was conspicuous for an improvement of one important implement of husbandry, and Rutherglen ploughs became well known all over the west country. The style of construction was designed by Lady Stewart of Coltness, a great promoter of agricultural progress. The parish is likewise well known for the superior breed of west country horses reared within it, and the large numbers sold annually at its spring fairs. The town was at one time notable for the baking of sour cakes, and the making of salt roasts, previous to St Luke's fair; and a sour cream with a peculiar gout was made in the burgh and sold in Glasgow, but these industries have fallen into disuse. The trade on the river which once existed has now been absorbed by Glasgow, and the people are now employed chiefly in weaving muslins for Glasgow houses, in a cotton mill, and in print and dye works. Subjoined are the statistics of population:—

Cadder, a parish 14 miles long with an average width of 4 miles, an area of 13,969 acres, and a valuation of £52,048, 2s. 4d., extends along the northern boundary of the county, adjoining-Dumbarton and Stirlingshire, and has a considerable variety of surface. The river Kelvin, nearly parallel with the Forth and Clyde canal, bounds the parish on the north. The Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, with the Kirkintilloch and Garnkirk lines, intersect the parish. Freestone and limestone abound, and there are large fields of fire-clay on the lines of Garnkirk Railway. The parish contains the villages of Auchenairn, Gadder, Bishop-briggs, Auchenloch, Chryston Muirhead, Mudiesburn, and Mollendinarburn. In 1881 the population was 6965, the inhabited houses 1345 ; of which 105 houses and 573 inhabitants were in Kirkintilloch and Lenzie. In 1871 the houses were 868 and the population 6430, of which only 11 houses and 81 inhabitants were in Kirkintilloch and Lenzie. In 1861 the population was 5948.

The remainder of the county is made up of Govan, a portion of Cathcart, and the City and Barony parish of Glasgow. Govan is on the left bank of the Clyde, with an area of 6733 acres, and a valuation of £620,676, 3s, 8d. The surface is flat, and consists chiefly of a rich fertile soil. The interior is traversed by the roads from Glasgow to Paisley, and from Glasgow to Kilmarnock and Ayr, as well as by the Glasgow and Johnstone canal, a branch of the Forth and Clyde canal, and by two lines of a railway. Connected with the town are shipbuilding yards, dye-works, silk and cotton manufactories, corn, snuff, chip, and paper mills, besides other manufacturing establishments. A valuable coal-field is extensively worked in the parish; and there are large iron-works and blast-furnaces near Gorbals. Cathcart is a fertile parish, the northern boundary of which approaches Glasgow, but the census returns show that only 31 houses and 188 inhabitants of the parish were in Lanarkshire in 1881, and only 25 houses with 167 inhabitants ten years before. The Barony parish has an area of 14,926 acres. Subjoined is the population of these parishes:—

Most of the farms in the parishes of Cadder, the Barony, and others exhibit a combination of arable with dairy farming; and the stock consists chiefly of Ayrshire cows and Clydesdale horses. Farms are generally well managed, and several are conducted on principles of tidy agriculture unsurpassed in any part of the country. Among others may be noticed those of High Carntyne, Bruchley, and Gairbraid. Loehburn, and Westfield, held in one tenancy, have been noted during many years for the stud of Clydesdale horses. The soil on Westfield is open and free. Cawdercuilt, on the outskirts of the county, is held along with Blackhall. In 1881 a great part of it was re-drained. In some parts the surface soil is mossy, but generally it is a good, deep, earthy loam. A superior class of Clydesdale mares is kept on these farms. Cawdercuilt is the largest dairy farm in the district, and has a stock of 80 to 90 cows, of which the produce is sold as sweet milk. Ten or twelve years ago the practice was to make butter, but the high price now paid for sweet milk in Glasgow has' led to a change, and the sale of sweet milk is the mode of working now generally adopted in the whole district within easy reach of the city. Thirty years ago there was on Blackhill a swamp which, in wet weather, became a loch, but this has all been drained and levelled up, and now forms excellent pasture. The two farms of Balmuildys are of average merit. Mr M'Farlane, who occupies one of them, has a good reputation for making butter, and has been awarded premiums at Glasgow Show. Much of the land about Lambhill is moss, but in some cases this has been made up and stiffened by mixing it with a good deal of blaze or the burned refuse of coal pits. In Cadder parish generally the soil is a stiff clay. The most friable is on the farms of Milton and East Cadder, where good crops are produced. Lochfaulds is tenanted by the Carron Company, and is susceptible of improvement as regards steading and drainage. Fences in the district are fair, but hedges are often ragged, and patched with paling. Cadder wilderness, at the back of Hilton, contains 100 acres of plantation. There are also beltings of wood in the parish, and most of the farm steadings are surrounded with a few trees. Fields throughout the parish are not generally steep, but in some parts there are undulations which make a degree of stiffness in the ascent. The land is very heavily manured, and, after being drained a first and a second time, was more productive than it has become now. Prior to the advent of the potato disease the average yield of that crop per imperial acre was about 18 tons of potatoes; and from 1836 to 1845 it was one of the most profitable crops.

Tenants are obliged to farm better than they did twenty-five years since, and to meet the exigencies of higher rents and increased expenses every inch of land must be utilised to the utmost. One great advantage possessed by tenants near Glasgow is the facility for obtaining manure. Those who are nearest the city have the dung carted to their farms, others who have stations convenient get it by rail, while a few on the canal banks have it brought in barges. It is calculated that the best manure costs 10s. a ton by the time it is laid on the soil, and the quantity applied is sometimes 40 tons an acre. Another advantage is the opportunities for getting produce sold. The demand for milk is practically unlimited, and one great object of farmers near Glasgow is to increase the supply. It is not considered that dairy stock in the district round Glasgow has improved in the past twenty-five years. Farmers are now obliged to feed very high, and in every way increase the quantity of milk produced. In order to keep up the supply contracted for the animals are unnaturally forced, with results pernicious alike to the individual animal and to the breed, as the system of the cows is impaired. Quey calves are kept every year in the proportion of about 10 to every 50 or 20 to every 90 cows; the remainder are sold to butchers for about 10s. each. Cows do not now last so long as they did formerly, nor do they calve quite so early, and they are rather larger in size. The best feeding material for milk cows is found to be draff, bean meal, and thirds, mixed with turnips in their season. Each cow gets 8 to 10 lbs. of bean meal per day. No farmer now sells sweet milk retail in the streets; it is all sold wholesale to city dairies.

The compact is made between the farmer and the dairyman for a year, and the average price is 9½d. to 10d. per imperial gallon. Prior to the bringing in of milk by railway a higher price was obtained, but the price in the neighbourhood of the city was reduced when a supply could be obtained by railway from a distance. In order to maintain an equal supply cows must be bought in at all seasons, and winter milkers must be got as early as August. For late calving cows as much as £18 to £20 must be given, and those are afterwards fattened for the butcher. The price obtained for the fed animal has fallen a little since the introduction of the American meat supply. If farmers contract to maintain a constant supply of sweet milk it is difficult for them to rear calves, and the most successful breeders are those who make butter and sell sour milk. In 1850 the price realised for fresh butter was about 9d. a pound ; for the last ten years it has averaged from 1s. 6d. to 1s. 8d. A ready demand for butter milk is found in the streets of Glasgow and suburbs. The usual price is 1d. per 10 gills.

Much land in the neighbourhood of Glasgow has been improved within a comparatively recent period. Land that was covered with heather forty years since is now under cultivation; and rents have doubled within that period. Draining with stones was practised before tiles came into use; and a cart-load of stones was calculated to fill two yards of a drain. Much land has been drained a second and even a third time since then. Extensive improvements were effected on Hilton farm during the tenancy of the late Mr Alexander Murdoch, which began 35 or 36 years ago. Cadder Moss, containing 30 or 40 acres, was reclaimed by the Cadder estate proprietors, and now forms part of Crossbill farm let at 25s. an acre. Other mosses were drained on what are now the farms of Lochgrogg, Littlehill, and Crosshill. Light, easy soil predominates all along the slope extending from the centre of Cadder parish to Balmuildy, and the earliest farms in the parish are those on the Kirkintilloch border. The general rule of cropping on the Cadder estate is the six shift rotation, consisting of two years in grass, then oats, green crop, oats or wheat according as the soil is clay or moss, and lastly rye grass, with clover when it is intended for hay, or Timothy when it is for pasture. In some of the new leases the four year rotation is allowed, and where no dairy is kept the farms are generally wrought on this principle.

Farm Buildings, Machinery, Implements.

For considerably over half a century the Highland Society has given great attention to farm buildings. In 1831 twelve plans were published, which had been prepared by Mr Waddell, Berwickshire, an architect of great experience, with the co-operation of a committee of Directors of the Society. A general principle was adopted that the most convenient arrangement of the out-houses of a farm is in the form of a rectangle, the side to the south being open, and the farm house placed at some convenient distance in front of it. Much has been spoken and written, and a good deal done in connection with the matter. since then, but the quadrangular form, modified according to circumstances, has continued to prevail. In building new steadings, regard is ha