The pages of American history contain the names of men of Scottish birth and blood, whose notable achievements have reflected credit upon the land and race of their forebears; and, we may venture to add, have shed luster upon the cherished country of their adoption. In almost every decade of America’s development, subsequent to Great Britain’s entrance upon the scene of action, are to be found records of the enterprises here of Scotland’s Sons.

Full and cheerful recognition is accorded the varied and valuable contributions of other European peoples to the up-building of the several Commonwealths, which, nearly a century and a half ago, united to form our Nation. What is here asked for is a fair consideration of the claims of Scotsmen for the services rendered by their fellow countrymen and their descendants in this undertaking; and a just recognition of their share in the preparation for, and the creation and construction of the United States.

The Scot in America has ever been so occupied in making general and local history that he has not given much, if any, time or attention to the writing of his own history. It has come to pass that historical data concerning the Scot, in the earlier years of his advent to these shores, were not collected, and preserved, by those most interested, to such an extent as we would have desired. However, we may catch glimpses of him here and there; occasional mention; incidental reference; until, in recent times, his personality is more clearly revealed and his influence traced.

When the earlier Scots emigrated to the American Colonies, they but responded to the racial instinct of expansion, and accepted the opportunity to establish themselves as free-holders. With them religious and civil liberty had ever been a master passion. As "political prisoners" many were transported hitherward by Charles I, by Cromwell, by Charles II, and by James II. As pioneers, they became independent. As patriots, with such a heritage, they grew into leadership. As State-builders, they had some considerable share in the establishment of the new Republic. We may guess, that those who were able, were also ready, to aid their less fortunate fellow-countrymen; and did so; for, in 1657, the Scot’s Charitable Society, of Boston, was established, and continued to do a service of untold help and hope to the expatriated ship-loads of Scotia’s sons who were practically slaves, sent here to work for the already settled colonists.

From Bunker Hill to Port Royal, and from Manhattan to the Alleghenies, when the Revolutionary War began, there was scarcely a thriving community in all that region which did not have settlers of the Scottish race. To enumerate them would be but to repeat the name of every important district. They readily adapted themselves to pioneer conditions. Their native parish administration, with its larger shire (county) system, made it an easy matter for them to understand, to adopt, and to put into successful operation, the New England town-meeting, and the Virginia county organization.

It has well been pointed out by Scottish writers, that the early emigrants from the home-land traversed the Atlantic in two main streams. One came direct from Scotland. The other was by way of the extreme northeast Province of Ireland, called Ulster. At this point, Scotland and Ireland are separated from each other by channels which are only from twelve to twenty miles or so in width. Intercourse between the two countries has always been easy and frequent. It is not either our province or our purpose to enter into the details of how Ulster came to be peopled by Scotsmen. It is merely necessary to state that the Scots who crossed over to Ulster took with them their own language, literature, laws, religion, customs, and occupations, and maintained them there.

The Hon. Whitelaw Reid (quoted by Rev. D. MacDougall, in his admirable work, "Scots and Scots’ Descendants in America") remarks:

"If these Scottish and Presbyterian colonists (who went from Scotland to Ulster) must be called Irish because they had been one or two generations in the North of Ireland, then the Pilgrim Fathers, who had been one generation or more in Holland, must by the same reasoning be called Dutch, or at the very least ‘English-Dutch.’"

This much is said to explain the substantial unity of the Scotch, and those whom Americans popularly designate as the "Scotch-Irish," but who more appropriately may be called "Ulster-Scots." It will require slight reflection, therefore, to suggest the oneness of these peoples, and to indicate the impossibility of separating them nationally and historically. The battles waged by these strains of Covenanters—that is, those religious and civil reformers, who believed in, and subscribed to, what was Scotland’s Declaration of Independence, known as the "Solemn League and Covenant"—before, during and after those years called "the killing time," because of its martyrdoms and persecutions, had prepared them for the contests in America in which they ranged themselves in the ranks of the Colonial Patriots against what were familiar to them as royal aggressions. The blood of thousands of Scotland’s devoted sons and daughters has dyed the heather of her glens and bens, as witness that they determined to continue the struggle until the dawn of the day sung in heroic verse by Robert Burns, their nation’s bard:

As our story has to do largely with the results of the American Revolution, we may be pardoned for what may seem to be a digression. The well-informed student of our national history does not need to be reminded that four of Washington’s major-generals, at the time of discharge, were Scottish: Henry Knox (Mass.); William Alexander (N. J.); Alexander MacDougall (N. Y.; and Arthur St. Clair (Pa.). (MacDougall’s "Scots and Scots’ Descendants").

It is also to be noted that this race, besides its signers of the Declaration of Independence, and other patriots, gave Washington thirty-five other generals; "three out of four members of his cabinet; and three out of five Judges of the first Supreme Court;" (Herbert N. Casson in "Life and Work of Cyrus Hall McCormick," p. 20); while of the British Colonial Governors, who served before, and, under Providence, prepared the way for the Revolution, more than forty were of Scottish birth and blood.

The history of Illinois, during the period of early French occupation, would be incomplete were there no reference to, and no understanding of, the relation to it of John Law, author of the so-called "Mississippi Scheme," and its successor, the "South Sea Bubble;" who however, never visited this country.

Law was a native of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland, where he was born in 1671. If heredity is to be trusted, he came naturally by his faculty of financiering, as his father was engaged in what now would be termed "the banking business." He was given an excellent education. His abilities are said to have been good. After a varied career in London, Holland, and elsewhere, and after having made a special study of banking, he devised a plan for the establishing of a governmental financial institution, which, however, he failed to induce either Scotland or France to adopt. Meanwhile, he had amassed a large fortune. Then followed his introduction into some of the most powerful court circles of France.

For years close social and political relations had been sustained between France and Scotland. The royal house of the Stuarts had long been the beneficiaries of the Bourbon dynasty. The object of this policy, on the part of France, was to meet and curtail the increasing power of England. William of Orange, warrior and statesman though he was, never seemed to foster the northern part of his kingdom; Scotland could not easily forgive him for the dreadful "Massacre of Glencoe ;" nor forget his persistent and successful opposition to the Scottish enterprise of colonizing the Isthmus of Darien, as Panama then was designated—an undertaking conceived and promoted by William Paterson, the son of a Dumfriesshire farmer, who had founded the great bank of England, and whose vision of Panama and its commercial possibilities was more than two centuries in advance of his day and generation.

In 1712, Antoine Crozat, a favorite of Louis XIV, obtained a monopoly of the commerce and trade, with the control, of the "Illinois Country." In 1717 this grant was surrendered. The spectacular and extravagant reign of Louis the Grand had brought financial confusion, if not practical bankruptcy, to France. It was then (1717) that John Law’s project was launched. Law believed in the "omnipotence of government." His plan was to combine foreign and domestic finance into one all-powerful monopoly to be controlled by the Nation.

The "Company of the West" was created by Law, with himself as its governing head. To it was given the exclusive control of the trade and commerce of this region, as France then claimed dominion over Canada and the Mississippi Valley. This grant carried with it the powers of administration, and the French Government was to receive large returns from the monopoly. The "Company of the West" had the entire trade in tobacco, and in the mines, which the region was supposed to contain; and, later was awarded a monopoly of commerce with the East Indies, China, and that indefinite something denominated "the South Sea ;" hence the organization under this grant of "the East India Company."

These conditions and circumstances are cited, so that we may have an understanding of several results which affected the growth and development of the "Illinois Country."

The important effects of these were: 1. The detaching of the Mississippi Valley territory from its relation to and its dependence upon, the French authorities in Canada; and its transfer to New Orleans, which center was established in 1718. 2. The creation, in the Mississippi Valley, by the French, of nine military and civil districts, each with its own Commandant and Judge, under the supervision of the Council at New Orleans. Thus the "Illinois Country" became next in influence and importance to the New Orleans district.

This change of jurisdiction at once, and for years afterward, contributed materially to the up-building of the "Illinois Country." It had been too remote from the center of Canadian control; while, because of river communication, it was in direct and easy connection with the Crescent City. It led to the founding of Fort Chartres and to the strengthening of the other posts in this region. It had a direct relation to the, transfer, by the conquest of General Clark, of Illinois, to the United States. It also came, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, to have a not inconsiderable indirect influence in furthering the negotiations which culminated in the "Louisiana Purchase" from France by the United States, in President Jefferson’s administration; a policy of peaceful territorial expansion of which, like Alaska, we have had several examples.

The period of British rule in the "Illinois Country" extended from 1765 to 1778. During that time there were few events of historical importance with which our study has to do.

The continuous opposition of the British General Gage, to the settlement and development of the North-West Territory had decidedly deterrent effects. This policy was the reverse of that of the last royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore (James Murray), a Scot, who heartily encouraged the colonization of this region. Under the latter’s system, pioneers from Virginia, from the Carolinas, and from Georgia made their way to Kentucky and to Tennessee, and later removed to Illinois. The records of the epoch show that these settlers largely were of Scottish birth and descent. Among the best known of the leaders then of the border of Kentucky and Tennessee were Daniel Boone, Simon Kenton, and George Rogers Clark, all of Scottish ancestry.

Regarding the Scottish settlements in the Colonies, at the begin-fling of the Revolutionary War, MacDougall in his "Scots and Scots’ Descendants in America" (Vol. 1, p. 28) says:

"There were nearly twenty communities of Scots and Ulster-Scots in New England, including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut; from thirty to forty in New York; fifty to sixty in New Jersey; more than one hundred and thirty in Pennsylvania and Delaware; more than a hundred in Virginia, Maryland, and East Tennessee; fifty in North Carolina; about seventy in South Carolina and Georgia; in all, about five hundred settlements (exclusive of English Presbyterian congregations in New York and New Jersey) scattered throughout all the American Colonies."

These were the sources from which flowed the streams of settlers to the Northwest.

In 1758 Scottish Highland soldiers appeared in the Ohio Country, under command of Major Grant. In 1765, when France relinquished control of the territory, after the French and Indian War, Captain Stirling, with troops of the 42d Highianders, the famous "Black Watch," proceeded from Fort Pitt, down the Ohio river, and up the Mississippi, to Fort Chartres, and took possession of that stronghold in the name of the British Crown. Captain Stirling’s successors included Captain Sinclair, or St. Clair, as it is also written, both having names that suggest their ancestry, as their troops indicate their nationality.

A word with reference to the name "Drysdale" may here not be out of place. It is still a not uncommon one in southwestern Scotland, from which, MacDougall says, General Clark’s ancestors came to America. It seems scarcely necessary to direct the attention of the student of history to the origin of county, town and settlement names, as this is elsewhere noted. The name "Drysdale" is as distinctively Scottish of the Lowland, or southern, districts, as are MacDonald, MacLeod, MacPherson, and Cameron of the Highland; and, when we recall what MacDougall says (supra) regarding the "more than a hundred (Scottish communities) in Virginia, Maryland, and East Tennessee," we are not surprised to find a "Drysdale" within the bounds of these Colonies.

"George Rogers Clark," says Kirkland and Moses (in their "History of Chicago," vol. 1, p. 24), "was a typical pioneer, frontiersman, Indian fighter and American soldier. He embodied the best qualities of Daniel Boone, John Todd, Simon Kenton, William Wells, and the other hardly pioneers who made possible the New West. In brilliancy of achievement, and permanency of results, he is head and shoulders above them all. It is not too much to say that to Clark we owe it, that, at the Peace of Paris, the whole upper Mississippi Valley fell to us instead of England," meaning, of course, Great Britain, for Americans have a habit of speaking of the Island Empire as if it were composed only of the Southern part; quite as though we were to call the United States after the Empire State; while Scots affirm it was not "Great Britain" until the union of England with Scotland.

It is to be observed that the John Todd referred to was Col. John Todd of the Kentucky family to whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln was related—certainly a Scottish name.

General Clark’s family were people of substance and standing in Virginia. His younger brother, William, was the Captain Clark of the "Lewis and Clark Expedition," sent out by President Jefferson, in 1805, to explore, to the Pacific Coast, the recently acquired territory of "Lousiana," and who made the memorable journey from St. Louis to the mouth of the Columbia River and return.

Judge John Moses (in "Illinois: Historical and Statistical," vol 1, pp. 145 et seq.), relates how the prominent men of Virginia, during the second year of the Revolutionary War, had their attention directed to the "Illinois Country," then British territory.

Before entering upon his enterprise General Clark deemed it necessary to learn directly the conditions at Kaskaskia, and the adjacent settlements in Illinois, and their attitude toward the Americans, were a descent upon them to be made by Colonial troops. Judge Moses adds:

"To confirm his views he (General Clark) sent, in 1777, to Kaskaskia, two trusty spies, one of whom was James Moore, afterwards a distinguished settler." His vision revealed to him that the way to meet and master the threatened overrunning of Kentucky by the British, and their Indian allies, was not merely to prepare for a defense of the American settlements, but also to assume the offensive.

Mr. N. Matson (in his "Pioneers of Illinois") tells this story of the other spy. He relates that "John Duff, a Virginian of French descent," visited Illinois in 1777, and upon his return east reported to General Clark what he had seen and heard; how the French inhabitants of the "Illinois Country," who comprised by far the largest part of the population here, were dissatisfied with the British, and were ready to change their allegiance to the Americans. Thereupon General Clark and John Duff laid the situation before the Governor, Patrick Henry, of Virginia, who authorized General Clark to recruit troops for an expedition to conquer the territory, although the ostensible object was to protect the frontier; and Governor Henry furnished the means and equipment to prosecute the enterprise.

L. E. Jones, in "Decisive Dates in Illinois History" (p. 96), writes that Governor Henry "was a relative of George Rogers Clark," which confirms the statement regarding the latter’s Scottish extraction.

The years immediately following the passage by the United States Congress of that remarkable and historic instrument, known as the "Ordinance of 1787," by which the North-West Territory was created, were troublous ones, both for officials and for people. Political construction, or reconstruction, is always attended by difficulties and dangers, even under the most favorable circumstances.

It was no small task to organize, and no light labor to institute, the administrative agencies provided by the Congress in the act of organization. Its initial operation would have tested the wisdom, patience, and skill of the ablest statesman of the time.

The territory affected was vast. The settlements were small, and were scattered from the Ohio River to the Great Lakes, and from the Alleghanies to the Mississippi. Within these bounds roamed powerful tribes of hostile Indians, led by able and warlike chiefs, whom it took Gen. William Henry Harrison long to subdue, and then only after several hard-fought battles. The seat of government—Marietta, Ohio— was remote from Kaskaskia, and the adjacent communities in Illinois; and was not accessible save by circuitous river routes, or by hazardous journeys overland.

Many of the members of General Clark’s command, after the conquest, had remained in or had returned to the North-West Territory, and had "taken up" land here. The rivers afforded favorite settlement centers and sites.

General St. Clair was a native of Thurso, Scotland, where he was born in 1734. Educated for the medical profession in the University of Edinburgh, he forsook the healing art to enter the British army. Coming to the Colonies, he served successively under General Amherst in the Louisburg campaign, and with General Wolfe at Quebec. In 1764 he settled and married in Pennsylvania. When the Colonies began their struggles, he promptly cast in his lot with them, and became a patriot leader. At the beginning of the Revolutionary War he was awarded a Colonelcy. In 1776 he was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General.

In 1778 he was made a Major-General, which he retained until he became the head of the army.

In 1787 General St. Clair was chosen President of the United States Congress. When that body created the North-West Territory, he was appointed its first governor. In 1790 he visited Illinois, and organized this entire territory into one county, which he named after himself. This and others of his acts gave rise to adverse comment.

A kindly estimate of General St. Clair is quoted from Judge Moses’ "History" (Vol. 1, p. 212)

"He was brave in battle and faithful to his friends. He advanced large sums from his private means to sustain the Government in the darkest hour of the Revolution, as well as to defray the current expenses of the territorial government, which were never repaid him. His fortune, once a large one for the times in which he lived, had been mainly spent in the service of his Country, and he found himself in his old age reduced from affluence to poverty, until at the age of eighty-four years" (in 1818, that in which Illinois became a State) "he closed his days in a log cabin in Pennsylvania, a striking illustration of the proverbial ‘ingratitude of republics.’"

Following a period of what consists somewhat of tradition the real history of Chicago begins with John Kinzie. It is to be observed that Mr. Kinzie came to what grew to be Chicago the same year in which Captain John Whistler arrived to undertake the building of Old Fort Dearborn. Here again our Army, as in many other instances, was a pioneer of civilization; for the Fort made this a seat of authority and commerce, to which the tribes and traders came.

John Kinzie was the only son of his father, whose name was John McKenzie, a Scotchman. Like many other members of his race, he had made his way across the Atlantic, and at the time of his son’s birth, in 1763, the family lived in Quebec. That city then was the center of Canadian commerce with the posts and settlements of the entire St. Lawrence basin. There the hardy trapper, traveler, and fur-trader outfitted, and to it and from it went their expeditions. This was the atmosphere in which John McKinzie began his life. His father died when the son was an infant. The widow, some time afterward, married William Forsyth, a Scotchman of devout Presbyterian stock. Several children were born of this union, whose names appear in early Detroit and Chicago annals.

John Kinzie dropped the "Mc" from his name, and that of Kinzie was adopted, and has remained the family name ever since. Why this discontinuance of the "Mc" came about, we may only conjecture. It may have been because of the popular prejudice to anything savoring of British origin or relationship, as the feeling of the Americans then, and for a long time thereafter, was pronounced against Great Britain. But this has never since existed among Americans regarding Scotchmen.

Mrs. John H. Kinzie, the interesting and informing author of "Wau-Bun," who was John Kinzie’s accomplished daughter-in-law, says that he was "of an enterprising and adventurous disposition," as well he might be with such a progenitor, and with such surroundings as were in Quebec and Detroit. When the Forsyths lived in Detroit, Mrs. Kinzie states, John Kinzie "entered the Indian trade, and had establishments at Sandusky and Maumee, and afterward pushed further west about the year 1800, to St. Joseph" (Michigan). But the lure was still westward, and he came to Illinois in 1808 to look the ground over with a view to settlement. In 1804 he brought here his wife and son, John H. Kinzie.

As to why he chose Chicago, instead of remaining in the St. Joseph river region, we may reasonably make inferences. It has already been intimated that his coming to Chicago was nearly that of the arrival of Captain Whistler who built Old Fort Dearborn. Captain Whistler also came from Detroit. It is not unlikely that Mr. Kinzie was aware of the work to be undertaken by Captain Whistler for the War Department. He certainly perceived the strategic position of the new military post. It was on the lake; a stream was here; the portage from Lake Michigan to the inland river and country was made at or near this point; here several affiliated tribes made their headquarters; and from here the red-men of Indiana, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin could be brought into trading relations. The Indians who hunted and fished in what are now Southwestern Michigan and Northern Indiana were within easy reach of the new fort, and with these he had already established friendly relations.

At Chicago, the military post then was everything. There were only a few log-houses outside of it. The fort afforded some society and conveniences which an isolated Indian post lacked. Mr. Kinzie may have had a dream of a future center, for it would surprise none to learn how often the pioneers were also prophets. His active mind and enterprising spirit again readily expressed themselves. Soon he had established stations for trade among the tribes on the Illinois, and on the Kankakee, and among the Menominee Indians in Wisconsin.

We may obtain a picture of the life of an Indian trader from Mrs. John H. Kinzie, who wrote:

"Each trading post had its superintendent and its complement of engages, its train of pack-horses, and its equipment of boats and canoes. From most of the stations the ‘furs and peltries’ were brought to Chicago on pack-horses, and the goods necessary for the trader were transported in return by the same method. The vessels came in the Spring and fall (seldom more than two or three annually) to bring the supplies and goods for the trade, and took the furs already collected to Mackinac, the depot of the Southwest and American Fur Companies. At other seasons they were sent to that place in boats, coasting around the lakes."

Mr. Kinzie possessed qualities which secured for him the friendship of many of the chiefs of the tribes inhabiting this region. In periods of peril, as during the year 1812, that of the "Fort Dearborn Massacre," this friendship stood him in good stead. He could speak their language. Indeed, there is a tradition that he prepared some books of an educational nature of the Winnebagoes, as well as of the Wyandots or Hurons.

After the troubles of 1812, covering an interval of three or four years, he returned to Chicago and resumed his activities. Fort Dearborn had meanwhile been rebuilt, this time on a larger scale. It was for years alternately abandoned and occupied on account of the Indian troubles, its final evacuation taking place in 1836. Mr. Kinzie died January 6, 1828. His descendants became honored and prominent citizens of Chicago. A leading street, a public school, and a land addition of Chicago bear his name; and, as has been said, historians call him "the Father of Chicago," as he was its first permanent civilian white settler.

From the days of Father Marquette, the heralds of the Cross had large part in the opening up of the North-West. Their devotion was proverbial. No tribe was too hostile to deter them from attempting its conversion. No journey was too dangerous to keep them from the prosecution of their self-sacrificing task. As explorers, they not only accompanied as spiritual advisers Joliet and La Salle, but also often themselves were far in advance of these adventurous men.

When the Territory had passed beyond the era of trapper and trader, and became the home of the permanent white settler; the Missionaries of the Gospel ministered to the people in the distant and isolated communities.

One of these splendid men was John Clark. Of him, Dr. Peter Ross (in his work on "The Scot in America," pp. 160-1), says:

"Turn to a lay preacher who did magnificent work for the Master in his day and generation, and around whose name many fragrant memories yet linger. This was John Clark, better known as "Father Clark," whose only educational training was that which he received in the school of his native parish of Petty, near Inverness (Scotland). He was born in 1738, and in early life is said to have been a sailor. In the course of one voyage he landed in America, and concluded to associate his future with it. He settled for a time in South Carolina, where he taught a backwoods log-school, and then moved to Georgia, where he joined the Methodist Church, and became a "class-leader." In 1789 he became an itinerant preacher in connection with the Methodist body. He was a man of devout spirit, outspoken in his views, and ready to denounce wrong wherever he found it, without regard to church affiliation, general policy, or self-interest." As might be expected, he was a bitter foe to slavery, and it is on record that he twice refused to accept his annual salary of $60 because the money was obtained through slave labor."

"Father Clark" made his way to Illinois. Here he taught school, and preached when opportunity arose. He quitted the Methodist Church, and joined an anti-slavery organization, known as the "Baptized Church of Christ, Friends of Humanity," and labored as a traveling evangelist. It is stated of him (Judge Moses’ "History," vol. I, p. 235), that he was the first Protestant minister to cross the Mississippi, and to preach to the Americans there in 1798. He died in St. Louis in 1833.

One of the great preachers of the Methodist Episcopal Church in modern times was the late Bishop Robert McIntyre. His career was remarkable. By birth and ancestry Scottish, he worked as a brick-mason until he reached man’s estate. When the call to preach came, he was laboring with the trowel. It involved a mighty soul struggle. Once over and settled, he threw himself into the work with a zeal that knew no obstacles. It was as if the fires of his spirit had been lighted at the divine altars. Here was a field for his imaginative spirit to soar in. He became minister, preacher, evangelist, orator. In spiritual fervor, opulence of reference, aptness and abundance of illustration, finish of expression, and force of utterance, he was a marvel in pulpit or on platform. Few if any of the preachers of the denomination—always noted for its preachers—could be classed with him. The older people who heard him were reminded of that other great Methodist Episcopal preacher, Bishop Simpson, also a Scot. Before he was chosen a bishop Dr. McIntyre was for years pastor of an influential and large church in Chicago-St. James: M. E.—which has contributed four bishops to the denomination, and. has had many other strong preachers in its pastorate.

Bishop Wm. E. McLaren, of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Chicago, was the son of a Scotch descended Presbyterian minister who was well known and highly esteemed in his denomination. The bishop was rector of a large church in Cleveland when he elected and confirmed as bishop in succession to Bishop Whitehouse, who was a scholar and administrator of eminence in his time. The career of Bishop McLaren in Illinois was marked for its uniform success, the admirable spirit which he manifested, and for the growth of the church throughout his jurisdiction.

John Laurie was a Scotchman who came to Illinois in the first third of the nineteenth century. He settled on a farm in Morgan County. He had several sons, three of whom were educated in whole or in part in Illinois College, Jacksonville, and all three became ministers. Thomas the oldest, was born in what the Scots delight to call "the Athens of the North"—the city of Edinburgh. He was scarcely ten years of age when he came with his family to the United States. Graduating from college in 1838, he resolved to devote himself to religious service in foreign lands. The field to which he was assigned was inhabited by that interesting people, the Nestorians, among whom he labored until his health compelled him to relinquish what he had hoped would be a life-work. Upon his return to the United States, and the restoration of some degree of strength, he preached, and wrote: one of his books was entitled, "Dr. Grant and the Mountain Nestorians" which passed through several editions. Inglis, the second son, held pastorates in Minnesota. James completed his literary course at Williams College, and went to Andover for his theological training, becoming a minister of prominence in his day. There were other Sons who were farmers, respected and useful citizens in their community.

President Charles M. Stuart, of Garrett Biblical Institute, Evanston, the Methodist Episcopal Theological Seminary (whose career is indicated elsewhere), is one of the Scottish leaders of his denomination whose services in behalf of education and ministerial training are widely known and appreciated.

Of "well-kenned" (well-known) Scottish ministers there have been many, and of "leal-hearted" ones not a few, who have occupied the pulpits of Illinois. As preachers, they were counted theologically sound, but not by any means only "sound." To give even a limited list of them would be as difficult as to condense into a paragraph Dr. McCosh’s two volumes on "Realistic Philosophy," or to summarize the "Shorter Catechism" into a sentence. Some of them used until the last the "Doric," as the Scots’ language—for it is a distinct language—is affectionately designated by the natives of the land of the heather. But the majority adapted themselves readily to the speech of their new country, with perhaps just a gentle flavor of their own to make it attractive.

Rev. Wm. Horace Day, D. D., son of the late Rev. Dr. Warren Day, formerly of Ottawa, Illinois, is Moderator (1919) of the National Council of Congregational Churches of the United States. He is the grandson on his maternal side of a Scot; "Dr. Day is now minister of the leading Congregational Church in Bridgeport, Conn. Another man of Scots’ birth and lineage, who was Moderator of that body (1907-1910), is a resident of Cook County, Illinois, and was Moderator of the Illinois State Congregational Association in 1899-1900, and has been a State Senator. His home is in LaGrange, Illinois.

Rev. John M. Farris, some fifty odd years ago, was one of the best known and highly esteemed ministers of the Old School Presbyterian Church in all this territory. He served with success and satisfaction as financial representative of the then North-Western Presbyterian (now the McCormick) Theological Seminary. He was an Ulster-Scot, the worthy son of stalwart ancestry. His home in the later period of his life was at Anna, Union County, where he devoted himself to horticulture. His son, Rev. Wm. W. Farris, a graduate of the old Chicago University and of the North-Western Presbyterian Theological Seminary, became a useful minister, and an author, as well as a frequent contributor to the periodical press of his time.

Rev. George C. Lorimer, D. D., for a number of years, was one of the most eloquent and engaging pulpit orators of Chicago. A Scot, he was an adopted American, whose loyalty and learning made him a power for civic betterment and moral uplift throughout his extended pastorate of one of the leading and most influential Baptist Churches in the Garden City. As a lecturer he was sought from far and near. As a preacher he is remembered with Dr. O. H. Tiffany, Bishop Charles

H. Powler, Bishop Robert McIntyre, Dr. W. H. Ryder, Dr. Herrick Johnson, Dr. Robert Collyer, Prof. David Swing, Dr. Robert W. Patterson, Dr. B. M. Hatfield, Dr. H. W. Thomas, Dr. J. P. Gulliver, Dr. Brooke Herford, Bishop Chas. E. Cheney, Dr. E. P. Goodwin, Dr. Clinton Locke, Dr. F. A. Noble, and others who in their time were outstanding leaders in their several churches.

Among the settlers who came to southern Illinois during the first quarter of the nineteenth century, no group furnished more sturdy, independent, successful, religious, law-abiding citizens that did the Reformed Presbyterians. The name by which they were popularly known was "Covenanters." They were, to a man, woman, and child, Scotch and Ulster-Scotch.

The Covenanter was a product of the despotism of the House of Stuart upon a people who had an over-mastering zeal for civil and religious liberty. This conviction followed the Covenanter in his migration overseas. It made him the foe of slavery, and the apostle of freedom. When the attempt was made in Governor Coles’ administration, to have slavery formally recognized by law and established in Illinois, the Covenanters, who had made their homes in Randolph County, at once ranged themselves among the anti-slavery people, and by voice and vote did their full share in deciding, once for all, to make, and to keep, Illinois a free State.

In their public worship, these intelligent, earnest, courageous, useful, liberty-loving citizens used in their praise service the "Psalms in Meter," and the "Paraphrases," that is, Bible themes set forth in verse. In their public worship they stood while prayers were offered, and they sat while they sung. They eschewed instrumental music in their public worship and would allow no "kist of whistles" to lead their singing. They believed in a national as well as a personal conscience, in the existence and consequences of national as well as personal repentance, and in personal supplications.

Some sixty years ago, or so, there were in Cook County two Reformed Presbyterian Congregations. Though relatively small, it is remarkable how productive they were in developing denominational leadership. Indeed, this fact is to be noted in connection with the little churches throughout this State. Church leaders almost as a rule have come out of the small or rural, not the large or city churches.

Out of the church of the Covenanters in Chicago, and that—an Old School Presbyterian Church—into which it grew, came a group who were leaders in religious, benevolent, and educational fields. Its minister was an Ulster-Scot. Rev. Robert Patterson, D. D., not to be taken for Rev. Robert W. Patterson, D. D., who for many years was minister of the Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, and who was reared in Bond County, Illinois, and was educated at Illinois College, Jacksonville. Three of the young men may he named who were products of this Covenanter and Old School Church—John C. Hill became a missionary to Guatemala, after which he returned to the United States, and preached in Illinois; for some time he has been in a leading church in Ohio. John Currer and Alexander Patterson, sons of the ministers, have long since finished their work here. Mr. Currer came from a Dumfermline, Scotland, family; preached in Hebron, Illinois, in Girard, Kan., and in LeSuer, Minn., Mr. Patterson devoted himself first to evangelistic service, then became a denominational educator, and the author of several bible-text books. Miss Lillian Horton, who was a member of the later—the Old School—church, went to Korea as a missionary. It is worthy of note that in this church also, in his earlier life, was the late Thomas Templeton of Evanston, who for years was prominently connected with the Marshall Field Company, and who left provisions in his will for the disposition of about a million of dollars for denominational and charitable purposes. The late James Crighton, for a third of a century a member of the Chicago Board of Trade, another young man of this church, for more than twenty-five years was superintendent of one of the most important city missions of the Presbyterian denomination. This little church had in its membership a number of well-known and successful teachers. One member became an editor and a State Senator, and, as elsewhere intimated, Moderator of the National Congregational Council (1907-1910).

The other church was in the town of Bloom, Cook County, whose minister was Rev. Mr. Phillips. In this church was reared the late State Senator William J. Campbell, of Chicago and Riverside, who, during the administration of Governor John M. Hamilton, was President of the State Senate, and thus was Lieutenant-Governor; was prominent lawyer; and was a member of the National Committee from Illinois of his party.

The interesting group of people whom we know as Covenanters may not be passed without the recital of an incident illustrative of the manner in which they expressed their convictions. It is published in a pamphlet issued in 1918, by the "Sunday School Times Company," in which is a discourse by Rev. Paul Rader, pastor of the Moody Church, Chicago, entitled, "How Lincoln Led the Nation to Its Knees." Mr. Bader said:

"Thank God for the little group of men in Ohio who could see God’s ways well enough to meet for deliberation and prayer, and for the company in Sparta, Illinois, who adopted this pledge: ‘To labor to bring the Nation to repentance toward God, and to a faithful administration of the Government according to the principles of the Word of God."

Under the provisions of, and by request of the United States Senate, expressed in resolutions introduced by Senator James Harlan, of Iowa, President Lincoln issued a proclamation, dated March 30, 1863, setting apart April 30, 1863, "as a day of National humiliation, fasting, and prayer," and requesting "all the people to abstain on that day from their ordinary secular pursuits, and to unite at their several places of public worship and their respective homes, in keeping this day holy to the Lord and devoted to the humble discharge of the religious duties proper to that solemn occasion."

These were "the darkest days" of the Civil War. Mr. Bader adds:

"The day of prayer came April 30. In a little more than two months the sky was flooded with decisive victory. By the morning of the 5th of July, Lee was on his way in retreat to the Potomac with one-quarter of his whole army gone, and seventeen miles of wagons with the wounded. Vicksburg had fallen, and there was the victory of Gettysburg."

This is the interpretation given the gloom and the succeeding light of 1863. In his proclamation, fixing August 6 as a day of Thanksgiving, President Lincoln said: "It has pleased Almighty God to hearken to the supplications and prayers of an afflicted people, and to vouchsafe to the Army and Navy of the United States victories on land and sea so signal and effective as to furnish reasonable grounds for augmented confidence that the Union of these states will be maintained, their Constitution preserved, and their peace and prosperity permanently restored."

Rev. W. J. Smiley, of Sparta, states of Rev. Samuel Wylie that he planted the Reformed Presbyterian Church there. Mr. Wylie was an Ulster-Scot, having been born in Antrim, February 19, 1790. Concerning the Reformed Presbyterian Church, Mr. Smiley remarks: "Her influence for liberty has been felt, and her testimony against slavery, lifted up at the close of the last century, (since 1800 no slave-holder was retained in her communion), has been vindicated."

With the "Covenanters" here, sixty years ago, the "Communion Season" was the important semi-annual event. It was observed in the spring and autumn. Usually the resident minister was assisted in this sacrament by one other clergyman. The preparation was serious and thorough. The minister and elders, who comprised the "session," carefully examined all applicants for membership. Those who came for the first time were well-versed in the Bible and the "Shorter Catechism." So far as recalled, there was no "Lachlan Campbell," of "Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush" fame, to be grand inquisitor of the young and timorous. The week preceding the "Lord’s Supper Sabbath"—for it was never known by the pagan name of "Sunday"—was devoted to special preparatory services. In some parishes there was a "fast day," and it was a real "fast." Each intending communicant was given a "token." which entitled its holder to a seat at the Communion-table; for a table occupied the space between the front row of pews and the pulpit. It was covered with a spotless table-cloth. The communicants moved down from their pews by the right-hand aisle, with slow and solemn step. The "precentor" led in the singing of a Psalm in meter, to some impressive tune familiar to all. At the end of the aisle two elders stood, and to them each communicant handed the "token." The officiating minister occupied a seat in the center of the table facing the congregation. When the seats were filled, the minister began the service with prayer; then a short discourse; after which the "elements" were distributed. When all were partaken of, the "precentor" resumed the singing, the communicants arose, slowly moved out of their places by the left-hand circle, while another group or company came down the right-hand aisle, and took the vacated seats. These exercises made the service a lengthened one, for it was the only worship in the church that Sabbath-day.

On such days there were no "hot dinners" in the family. Indeed, all Sabbath preparations were always completed on Saturday night. "Thou shalt cut neither horn nor hair on the Sabbath-day" was faithfully observed. All bathing, changing of linen, polishing of shoes, and making ready for Sabbath meals as far as possible, were completed the evening before. Hence, on Sabbath morning, the Sabbath garb was assumed without hurry, and the worshipper did not need to rush into church on Sabbath morning "as a warrior hasting to the battle-field."

The Bible was carried to church. In the back part of it were the "Psalms in meter" and the "Paraphrases." When the minister read the "Scripture lesson," each member turned to the chapter, and carefully followed the reading. There was a running exposition of the passage. Where some difficult verse appeared, it was critically explained, and the meanings of the original Hebrew or Greek given. The sermon was rarely less than from a hour to an hour and a quarter in length. It was preached without manuscript, or even "notes." It abounded in analyses; the historical setting was given; there were from three to five main "heads" each with as many subdivisions; it was delivered with clearness and fervor; throughout it was scholarly; closing with a recapitulation, and the powerful application. It contained sufficient material to keep the congregation busy until the next "diet of preaching."

The records of the first schools in Illinois are fragmentary. The county histories, for the most part make only incidental mention of the early teachers. They are composed of accounts of the methods of forming "subscription schools," as they were called: that is, where petitions and subscription papers were circulated by persons who desired to "take up" or to "keep schools ;" with descriptions of the crude quarters in which the schools were held; and with certain picturesque features which prevailed.

That was before the establishing of free public schools. The compilers of the local annals of long ago emphasize the popular phrase that "lickin and larnin" then invariably went together. They relate interesting tales of the "loud schools," or, as they used to call them in Kentucky, the "blab schools ;" that is, where the pupils studied their lessons aloud,—a type which long preceded the "silent schools" of our day. Several of these histories contain references to schools which were "kept" by men who had served with Gen. George Rogers Clark during his conquest of Illinois.

One of the pioneer teachers was Rev. John Clark (see the section on Religion" for his sketch), a Scotchman, who, about 1805-6, labored with much usefulness in this behalf among the settlers.

The venerable author, the late Dr. Samuel Willard, in his "Brief History of Early Education in Illinois" (published by State Superintendent Henry Raab in the fifteenth biennial report, 1884, pp. XCVIIICXX), states that Randolph County, the home of many of the Scotch Covenanters, followed close upon Monroe County in establishing schools, in 1805-6 and in 1817. He adds, that, in 1821, a school was taught near Sparta, a center of these Scots. In St. Clair County, in 1811, a school was opened at Shiloh, and the Scotch settlement.

It was not however, until 1824, or six years after the admission of Illinois into the Union, that any definite action was taken by the State for the creation and maintenance of free public schools. This measure was introduced into the General Assembly by State Senator Joseph Duncan who later served three terms in the United States Congress, and was elected Governor of Illinois.

Governor Duncan was born on February 22, 1774, in Paris, Ky. His father was Major Joseph Duncan, a native of Virginia of Scotch ancestry. The home of the Duncans was Kirkcudbright, in southwestern Scotland. His daughter, the late Mrs. E. P. (Julia Duncan) Kirby, of Jacksonville, preserved among her family treasures a picture of Kirkcudbright, which the writer has often seen, and of which that lady frequently spoke with pride, as showing the nativity of her father’s ancestry.

The Duncan Act of 1824 was for the establishment and support of free common schools in Illinois. It became a law. However, it was far in advance of its time, and was subsequently repealed. It "led in 1854-55, to the passage of a bill prepared by Ninian W. Edwards, for the system of common schools which we now have, and the provisions of which are similar to those of the law adopted in 1824 of which Senator Duncan was the author" (Mrs. Kirby’s "Sketch," p. 34).

Although his measure had been nullified, Governor Duncan did not cease to advocate the advisability and necessity of popular education. In his inaugural address as Governor he devoted a large part to a "discussion of the benefits to be derived from the establishment of a system of public schools, which he strongly recommended" (Judge Moses, "History," vol. 1, p. 402).

For many years the Governor was a trustee of Illinois College, Jacksonville, founded in 1829. To its support he was always a liberal contributor; a deep interest which his daughter and her husband (Judge and Mrs. E. P. Kirby) maintained to the end.

Among the pioneer-educators of Cook County the name of Stephen Forbes holds an honored place. He was of Scottish ancestry. Assisted by his wife, who was a true help-mate, he opened a school in Chicago in June, 1830, near Michigan Avenue and Randolph Street, not quite two squares south of Old Fort Dearborn. He was engaged by Colonel Beaubien and Lieut. David Hunter, who was of Scotch descent, and who was afterwards a general in the U. S. Army. Mr. Forbes’ school had some twenty-five pupils, children of families connected with the Fort and of civilians residing near by.

Hon. William H. Wells, who sixty years ago was superintendent of Chicago’s public schools, and who was a competent authority on the subject, wrote a history of early education in Chicago. Of Mr. Forbes’ school, Mr. Wells said: "This, no doubt, deserves to be recognized as the first school in Chicago above the rank of a family school."

Scots claim a share in the honor of the services accomplished for popular and higher education by the dean of Illinois schoolmen, Dr. Newton Bateman. His ancestry is traced by his biographer, Paul Selby, both to English and Scotch sources. Educated at Illinois College, he was successively teacher, principal, county superintendent, and professor. In 1858 he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction, a position which literally he filled for fourteen years, the longest term that office was ever held by any one. Later, Dr. Bateman was President of Knox College, Galesburg (1875-1893), and then became President-Emeritus. His activities included the editorship of educational journals. He was one of three to found the National Bureau of Education. Of his seven biennial reports as State Superintendent, it may be recalled that, in whole or in part, they have been republished in five different languages in Europe, and that his volume of "Common School Decisions," issued originally by order of the Legislature, is "recognized by the courts, and is still regarded as authority on the subject" (Paul Selby, in "Illinois, Historical and Statistical"). It was during Dr. Bateman’s State Superintendency that our public school establishment as it exists, was really established and developed along the lines marked out by State Senator Duncan. Dr. Bateman’s State reports are classics. They contain a wealth of information, a source of inspiration, and a breadth of view never surpassed, if ever equalled, as official publications in the Mississippi Valley, or elsewhere, since the time of Horace Mann.

The old Chicago University was for years one of the cherished institutions of the city. In its beginnings it was called the Douglas University. In 1854, Senator Stephen A. Douglas, who was of Scotch descent, donated a tract of land, along Cottage Grove Avenue, at Thirty-third street, for an institution of learning. A provision was attached to the gift, that $100,000 be raised to erect buildings thereon. On July 4, 1857, the corner-stone of the main building was laid. This was the year of the disastrous financial panic, which seriously crippled many of its friends. Senator Douglas, in view of the conditions, extended the time in which to secure the necessary building funds, and subsequently deeded the land to the university without reserve. The institution had many vicissitudes, between the panic and the Civil War, and at last had to succumb. The idea, however, never failed, for a few years after its close was born the present University of Chicago. The alumni of the old university include not a few distinguished men.

A Presbyterian of Ulster-Scot ancestry was engaged, some three-score years ago, in extending his already large manufacturing business throughout the Middle West. He was a man whose principle was that "there was religion in his business and business in his religion." He was deeply impressed by "the rough immorality of the new settlement." These places, he conceived, needed more and better-trained ministers. It came to him as a real "call" that he should do something to help this want. He sprung from a family and race of earnest, intelligent, God-fearing people, and to see a spiritual or moral need, was to find and to provide means to meet it. This was the ideal which Cyrus Hall McCormick entertained when, in 1859, he offered $100,000—then considered a princely sum—to establish a Presbyterian Theological Seminary, in the city where he had made his money and his home. It was at first called the North-Western Presbyterian Theological Seminary. Such were Mr. McCormick’s large gifts to and interest in it, that later it was named in his honor. The life of Mr. McCormick is a history of industry, genius, vision, public spirit, devotion, and generosity—an example which his widow and children have fully maintained in their continued and large contributions to educational, religious, and philanthropic objects.

Blackburn University, at Carlinville, was named after Rev. Dr. Gideon Blackburn, a minister of the then New School Presbyterian denomination. Born in Virginia, August 27, 1772, his father was Robert Blackburn, and his mother was a member of a well-known family named Richie. Both parents were Ulster-Scots, and devout Presybterians. At the age of twenty-one he was licensed to preach. Beside becoming a minister, all his life he was deeply interested in education, especially in the higher branches. In the decade from 1830 to 1840, Illinois made great advances in the building of churches, schools, and colleges. During that period Dr. Blackburn was the financial agent of Illinois College at Jacksonville. In 1837, he conceived the idea for an institution of learning, which, in 1857, was formally incorporated, and for a time had courses of study especially adapted to young men preparing for the ministry. The curriculum later was extended so as to include preparatory and collegiate departments. It was another instance of "one sowing and another reaping," for Dr. Blackburn died in 1838; as well as an illustration of that other saying of a good man’s works following him. Not only in the institution was this true. Two of his Sons became ministers, and a third would have been had he lived. Of Dr. Blackburn, it has been said that of "all the men who ever lived and labored for the benefit of Macoupin County, he stands in the foreground ;" also, that "he was a man among men, and a man of God." His influence has been widely felt for four-fifths of a century, and will continue while Blackburn University lives and bears his name.

Monmouth College, at Monmouth, Warren County, is the product of pioneer Scotch Presbyterians. Its founders were two ministers of vision and devotion. They were Rev. J. C. Porter, pastor of Cedar Creek, and Rev. Robert Ross, pastor of South Henderson. In 1852, they conceived the plan of founding an educational institution for higher scholarship on the rich prairies of Western Illinois. In this enterprise, they had, as might be expected, the hearty indorsement and support of their denomination of stalwart United Presbyterians. In 1853, it was opened as an academy, and. two years later steps were taken to raise it to the rank of a college. In 1857, it was granted a charter. The year before Rev. David A. Wallace, D. D., LL. D., had been elected its President. Dr. Wallace had faithfully ministered to Scottish churches in New England, and was one of the clergymen who were prominent in combining several bodies which took the name of United Presbyterian. For twenty-two years he was its executive head. His successor was Rev. J. B. McMichael, D. D., who was president for nineteen years. These two able educators were respectively founder and builder. The endowment was increased under the presidency of Rev. S. R. Lyons, D. D. The present President, Rev. R. H. McMichael, D. D., is the worthy son of the former executive, and for more than sixteen years has with unvarying success conducted its affairs. The college has eighteen hundred in its alumni; many others have received their training there; forty-five per cent of its young men have entered the ministry; a fifth of the ministers of the United Presbyterian denomination are Monmouth College men; over fifty have gone into foreign missionary work; and others have entered the learned professions in forty-three of the forty-eight states, and five hundred of its youth have been with the Colors in the recent European conflict; while two hundred-fifty of its young men went into the Civil War. In the list of graduates are: Maj. R. W. McClaughry, the noted penologist; and John M. Glenn, the able secretary of the Illinois Manufacturer’s Association, Chicago.

McKendree College, at Lebanon, is one of the group of colleges begun in the early "30’s." The others were Illinois College at Jacksonville, and Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. That was an era of great intellectual activity in southwestern Illinois. Many new settlers had come and were arriving from the East. In the latter "30’s" financial clouds had begun to darken the State’s horizon. However, school, college, and church building progressed rapidly. Among the institutions founded during the decade from 1830 to 1840, was McKendree College, which at first was named McKendreean College, The Methodists, as is their custom, were energetic and thoroughly alive to the needs of the situation. Of the leader for whom McKendree College was named, Bishop E. E. Hoss thus writes in his biography of Bishop William McKendree:

"If anything at all has been preserved concerning his (Bishop McKendree’s) progenitors, it has wholly escaped my search. The family name, however, shows that they were of Scotch origin, though, as was the case with thousands of others of the same blood, they probably reached America by way of the north of Ireland. The transplanted Scotchmen are a masterful race."

The Armour Institute, of Chicago, ranks high in the educational world. As has been aptly expressed, "Mr. Armour’s idea in manual training was, that all shall be taught and done so that muscles shall not be more thoroughly trained than the moral character, and the perception of truth and beauty." The Institute has always had a close relation on the one side to the public school and on the other side to the university. Its founder was the late Philip Danforth Armour. His birthplace was Stockbridge, Madison County, N. Y., where he was born May 16, 1832. His father was descended from James Armour. That part of Scotland where the Armours have lived for generations is Argyllshire. The chief city is Campbelltown, named after the powerful and noted Duke of Argyll’s family. The channel which here separates Argyllshire from Ulster is only twelve miles wide. The intercourse between the two countries for centuries has been easy and constant, as elsewhere indicated in this paper. Mr. Armour’s Ulster-Scottish ancestor came to America during the middle of the eighteenth century, and settled in New England; and his descendents removed to New York in 1825. Mr. Armour was one of the most widely known of Chicago’s great business men. He was a patron of art. His interest in higher practical education was deep and abiding. He was one of the most generous supporters of the Scottish organization known as the Illinois Saint Andrew Society. It was entirely through his benefactions that the Institute which bears his name was founded and endowed. His plans for the large ideals of the Institute have been well carried out by his son, J. Ogden Armour.

Every one who was a student in or acquainted with the University of Illinois during the first two score years of its history will remember Prof. Thomas J. Burrell. As of Virgil’s hero, it may be said of Professor Burrell that he himself was a great part of its achievements. He was the sympathetic adviser of the undergraduate, and to the end remained the friend of the alumni. Scots and their brethren, the Ulster-Scots, claim him, for his ancestry was in part of that blood. Born in the Bay State, he came with his family to Stephenson County, Illinois, where his father was a farmer. In former times the head of the University was called the Regent. When a vacancy came in this office, the Trustee’s urged him to accept it, but he was fully satisfied to continue a member of the faculty, although he was defacto President until the election of Dr. Draper. Educated in the State Normal, at Normal, during the "60’s", he had the good fortune, soon after graduation, to receive an appointment as botanist in one of the expeditions of Maj.

J. W. Powell, the noted geologist and anthropologist, whose explorations of the Colorado River and Canon form a thrilling chapter of Western history. Upon the organization of the University of Illinois, he was elected to a professorship, and was the first librarian of that institution. He closed his long and honorable career as a man loved and esteemed by all who had the privilege of knowing him.

Prof. David Kinley is one of the leading educators of the present generation. He occupies a position of distinction in the University of Illinois. His birthplace was Dundee, Scotland, where he was born August 2, 1861. In 1872 he came to the United States; was educated at Yale; pursued post-graduate studies at Johns Hopkins; and for a time taught in several well-known institutions. He has specialized in economics, and served on a number of international industrial and financial commissions. He is the author of several standard works, and has been a frequent contributor to the leading periodicals. His services as a University Dean led to his selection (1919) as acting-President of the University of Illinois during the year’s absence on leave of Dr. James. Professor Kinley is a loyal American whose affection for the homeland has made him a much-sought after speaker at Saint Andrew Society and other Scotch anniversaries.

When Chicago was nothing more than a straggling, struggling village, something like three-quarters of a century ago, Lyons Township had become a well-known settlement among the communities of Cook County. Its nearest corner to Chicago was a dozen miles to the southwest. So important had it grown, that in 1836 there assembled within its borders delegates to the first political convention ever held in the county. This meeting took place on the Vial farm, south of the present suburb of Western Springs. The meeting-place was a log house on the farm now owned by the venerable Robert Vial, who has lived on the identical spot for eighty-five years.

Opposite the Lyonsville Congregational Church, on the Joliet road, was built in the early "40’s" the first public school-house in the Township. It was of logs. One of those who helped to "raise" it was the late Samuel Vial, an older brother of Robert, then a young man. Its first teacher was Miss Margaret McNaughton, a Scotch lass, who came to America with her parents from Aberdeen. She became the wife of Samuel Vial, who died a nonagenarian, in October, 1911. One of their sons, the late George McNaughton Vial, became the Moderator of the Illinois State Congregational Conference, and was for many years a leader in the National Councils of the denomination. Joseph Vial, the other son, has been Township Treasurer for nineteen years.

In Chicago, Scots and the sons of Scots have contributed their part to the public school establishment of the city. This has been acknowledged by the Board of Education in the naming of at least twenty-seven of its largest grammar schools after distinguished Scots and descendents of Scotsmen. The services for popular education of Daniel R. Cameron, John McLaren, Graeme Stewart, and John J. Badenoch can scarcely be properly estimated by this generation. Mr. McLaren was for many years a trustee of the Lewis Institute, one of Chicago’s educational establishments.

To these annals should be added the names of Prof. Hugh McDonald Scott and Prof. Wm. Douglas Mackenzie. Both were Scotch, and both were members of the faculty of the Chicago Congregational Theological Seminary, at Union Park; both were preachers, teachers, and authors; and both were leaders in their denomination in their city, State, and Nation. Professor Scott was killed in a street-car accident; and Professor Mackenzie went from Chicago to become President of Hartford Theological Seminary, Connecticut, which office he still holds.

Another Scot, whom his countrymen delight to honor, is President Charles M. Stuart, of the Methodist Episcopal Theological Seminary at Evanston, known as Garrett Biblical Institute. President Stuart is a native of Glasgow; educated in its noted High School; graduated in 1880 at Kalamazoo College, and later at Garrett Biblical Institute; was assistant editor of the "Northwestern Christian Advocate" from 1888 to 1896, and its editor from 1908 to 1912; was Professor of Homiletics in Garrett Biblical Institute from 1896 to 1908; and has been its President since 1912; a record of educational and editorial service deserving of a large recognition in these chronicles.

The long, successful and satisfactory labors of President Thomas McClelland, late of Knox College, Galesburg, deserve an honored place in the college annals of Illinois. He is one of the sons of the sturdy Ulster-Scots, who have planted the church and the school side by side.

In Perry County, in early day, among the teachers mentioned are Francis Thompson McMillan and Martha McMillan. In Randolph County, at the Plum Creek settlement, we find among the Presbyterians who came from South Carolina those who had the "energetic traits which have marked the race in all parts of the United States." It is related that that staunch Covenanter, Rev. Samuel Wylie, "frequently had private students," probably preparing for the ministry. Adam Wylie, a brother, taught in 1833-5 at Sparta. It is related by S. B. Hood, that "in the summer of 1822 G. T. Ewing, afterwards a Covenanting minister, taught school in Section 9, east of Eden."

In the records of the early schools in McDonough County are to be found the names of Scots who did good service in building up education throughout the "Military Tract." And this is duplicated in many other counties and districts.

The story of the early publications of Illinois is that of change in ownership, editorship, places of issue, policies, and affiliations. The small and scattered settlements of pioneer days, and the scarcity of money, were not conducive to their sustained and substantial support. The news of the separated communities found among its most efficient disseminators the traveling preachers or circuit-riders, and the itinerant peddlers. These, with their more or less novel narratives and unusual tales, were welcome visitors in the log-cabin and the wayside tavern.

In those times the habit, now practically universal, of subscribing for, and of reading, the local paper had not been acquired. Touching authorship, as at present understood, there was little if any in Illinois, unless we except the well written and useful works of Morris Birkbeck and George Flower, of the English colony of Edwards County.

The excellent sketch of Governor Joseph Duncan ("Fergus’ Historical Series," No. 29), by his daughter, the late Mrs. Julia Duncan Kirby, of Jacksonville, contains the following:

"Capt. Matthew Duncan" (Governor Duncan’s brother) was educated at Yale College, and after completing his education, and returning to his native state "(Kentucky) ," he for a time edited a paper in Russellville, Ky., called "The Mirror." On removing to Illinois, in 1814, he edited and published at Kaskaskia "The Illinois Herald," the first newspaper published in Illinois. In December, 1814, he published the first book or pamphlet that was published in the State. In June, 1815, he published the first volume of what was known as "Pope’s Digest." In 1817, Matthew Duncan sold his paper to Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell. He abandoned journalism and entered the army. He resigned after four years of service, and engaged in business in Shelbyville, Illinois, where he died January 16, 1844, only a few hours after Governor Duncan, neither knowing of the illness of the other. "For the Scotch ancestry of Matthew, see the sketch of Governor Duncan given elsewhere in this paper.

Other historians state that Matthew Duncan "brought a press and a primitive printer’s outfit from the state" (Kentucky). Hooper Warren, who was the founder of the third paper established in Illinois, affirms that Duncan’s press "was for years only used for public printing." The oldest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known to be in existence is Vol. I, No. 30, and bears date December 13, 1814. It was a three-column paper. When Cook and Blackwell acquired it, they changed it to "The Intelligencer," and increased it to four columns. In 1820, it followed the State Capitol from Kaskaskia to Vandalia.

Robert Goudy (writes Hon. Ensley Moore), of Jacksonville, Illinois, in "Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society," 1907, pp. 315-23), was presumably born in the neighborhood of Armagh, County Tyrone, which is in the province of Ulster, in the north of Ireland, November 2, 1785. The Goudies were, and are to be found in Ayrshire, next to Wigtownshire and Argyllshire, Scotland, the nearest to that part of Ireland where the Protestant population is largest and where lived the Ulster-Scots. The Scotch poet Robert Burns had a friend, "John Goudie, the terror of the Whigs," to whom he addressed some characteristic verses. In the migrations of those who bore the name, it was variously written Goudie, Goudy, Gowdie and Gowdy. Mr. Goudy married Miss Jane Ansley, who was of Scotch descent. The Scottish spelling of the name was and is Ainslie. Like many others, it too was changed, as it were, in transportation finally to Ensley. Mr. Goudy early learned the art of printing. The family lived for a time in Indiana, and in June, 1832, came to Illinois, settling in 1833 in Jacksonville. It is believed that he, like Duncan, brought with him his printing plant. In 1834 he published "The News" in Jacksonville. The same year was issued from the Goudy press "Peck’s Gazetteer of Illinois," a book, now rare, that became an authority, and, aside from official publications, probably the first book printed and bound in Illinois. Then began the publication of "Goudy’s Farmer’s Almanac," which contained much varied and valuable information. Mr. and Mrs. Goudy had nine children, all of whom were to become noted in their respective homes and walks of life."

Hon. Calvin Goudy, M. D., was their second child. When Jacksonville became their home, he attended Illinois College, and had among his associates, War-Governor Richard Yates, and Rev. Robert W. Patterson, D. D., long the pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church, Chicago, whose sons, Robert W., and Raymond were prominent newspaper men, the first the editor, the other the Washington correspondent, of the "Chicago Tribune." In conjunction with a brother, probably Ensley T., in 1837, Calvin published the "Common School Advocate," the first journal of its class in the west. He studied medicine, and practiced his profession in Taylorville, Christian County. In 1850 he was elected to the Legislature, and, as indicated elsewhere, took an active part in educational advancement. He died March 8, 1877. His services in promoting education and periodical literature were many and useful. Of his distinguished brother, Hon. W. C. Goudy, mention is made in that section of this paper entitled "Bench and Bar."

The growth of the newspaper business in Illinois from 1830 to 1900 has been marvelous. During the first half of this seventy-year period it is impossible now to trace the antecedents of their founders, owners, and editors in the State at large.

As Chicago developed, there were long connected with its press numbers of Scots whose writings in their specialties made them noted. A few may be mentioned.

James Ballantyne, during the Civil War decade, was an authority on financial and commercial matters. His department on the old "Republican" was a standard.

James Chisholm, before and after the Great Fire of 1871, was a dramatic critic of local fame. His articles in the "Inter Ocean" were universally read by the theatrical world. The weekly review which he prepared and published under the whimsical pseudonym of "John Barleycorn" were inimitable, "pawky ;" delightful for their wit, with a flavor and expression that reminded one of Charles Lamb.

E. N. Lamont, writer for the same paper, was a man of rare attainments, retiring, with a fine, graceful style, an essayist whose counterpart is George P. Upton, so long one of the charming contributors to the columns of the "Tribune." Lamont’s book-reviews were unexcelled for discrimination and taste. He had no superior as a literary Scot in the Garden City.

At one time on the writing staff of the "Inter Ocean" alone there were no fewer than five Scots and descendants of Scots. Indeed in that journalistic group. Virgil’s well-known line was playfully paraphrased to the "cultivating of literature on a little oat-meal."

In the circle of the religious press of that period was Rev. E. Erskine, who edited the "North-Western Presbyterian" an influential publication of the denomination: genial, alert, capable, a preacher who was also an excellent editor.

Cyrus Hall McCormick, once owner of the "Times," before Wilbur F. Storey’s advent, founded and maintained the brilliant "Interior," whose editor, Dr. Wm. C. Gray, in his day was next to Dr. J. A. Adams, of the Congregational "Advance," the best paragrapher on the American religious press.

Dr. Charles M. Stuart, long associate editor, then editor, of Methodist Episcopal "North-Western Christian Advocate," published in Chicago, was a journalist who ranked with Erskine, Gray, and Adams.

Gen. Daniel Cameron, who always retained the "burr" of the "r’ in the heather-r-r, was a virile editorial writer, who a half century ago was a political, as well as a journalistic power in northern Illinois. His brother, A. C. Cameron, was long a prominent local publisher of newspapers.

In these latter days the Scots in Illinois and throughout the North-West take great pleasure in recalling the useful and esteemed George Sutherland, of the "Western British American ;" courteous, courageous, quiet, pure, he was beloved of all.

In a county history of 1883, appears the following: "D. F. McMillan began the publication of the ‘Randolph County Record’ at Sparta, May 28, 1844." It is said he went there from Kaskaskia in 1842, and removed to Chester in 1846. He was one of the few of the name in Illinois who were newspaper men.

The history of Illinois could not well be written were the names of Robert Fergus and his son, George Harris Fergus, omitted. In 1839, Robert Fergus issued the first directory of Chicago, and other similar works in subsequent years as late as that of 1857, including reprints of the same after the Great Fire of 1871. His son, George, was his close companion and cordial coadjutor from the early "60’s." Robert Fergus also printed the first decisions of the Illinois Supreme Court, known as "Scammon’s Reports."

Father and son published "The Fergus Historical Series" which embrace some forty volumes and pamphlets bearing on early Chicago, Illinois, and the North-West. Today "The Fergus Historical Series" comprise collectively the most authoritative history of pioneer days in Chicago and the State. The complete "Illinois: Historical and Statistical," by the late Judge John Moses, is a work in two volumes of over 1,300 pages, and was published through the sole enterprise of George Fergus.

Both Robert and George Harris Fergus, all their active and useful lives, were deeply interested in civic betterment. Although neither of them ever held public office, both—Robert from 1839 to 1860 and George from 1860 to 1911—were up-building and influential factors in city, State, and National affairs, and were always on the side of good government.

George Harris Fergus, their eldest son, was born in Chicago, September 1, 1840. He was educated in the public schools of the city, and became a partner of his father, and continued the business until his death, November 24, 1911.

During the late "50’s" George became a member of the famous company known as "Ellsworth’s Zouaves." When the first call for troops was issued by President Lincoln, he was appointed First Lieutenant of Company K, 11th New York Infantry, under Colonel Ellsworth. This command was mustered into service at Washington, D. C., May 7, 1861, and was the first regiment sworn in for the Civil War. Colonel Ellsworth, in the fall of 1860, entered the office of Mr. Lincoln at Springfield to study law, and accompanied the President-elect to Washington on the way to his inauguration. Lieutenant Fergus served with his regiment in May, 1861, when it was detailed to guard President Lincoln at the White House. He was present when Colonel Ellsworth, while attempting to haul down a Confederate flag, in Alexandria, Va., was shot, May 24, 1861. Mr. Fergus was married to Mary Electa Stocking on November 24, 1867. Mrs. Fergus is an honored resident of Chicago (April, 1919).

The characteristics of father and son are revealed in all their work. Both gave their lifetime to historical research and investigation, and their publications bear witness of their almost faultless accuracy. Robert Fergus was thoroughly Scottish, and George was as thoroughly American in spirit. They had much in common. Both were intense in thought and action. Robert was a great reader of the best literature. George was an esteemed companion to many famous men. George was direct, forcible, retiring, but always responsive, and ever master of himself. Both were true to their respective traditions—Scottish and American. In their useful careers, they exemplified the ancient motto of the Clan Fergus—"Ready, Aye Ready."

In Northern Illinois, just before the Civil War, the abolitionists were unusually active. They were open in their advocacy of unconditional freedom for the Slaves, and they were daring in their efforts to aid fugitives. The "agents" and "stations" of the "Underground Railroad" had greatly increased in numbers and efficiency in all this section.

La Salle County had become important as a district where the "lines" from the South converged, to be continued from there to Chicago. In Ottawa, particularly, there was an aggressive anti-slavery society. In 1838-9 there had been organized in that place three churches, the Congregational, Baptist, and Methodist, whose members were ardent in the anti-slavery cause.

No braver or bolder man in all this region was there than John Hossack. He was a stalwart Scotchman, who was born in Caledonia in 1806. Love of liberty has always been a notable trait of his country men.

From an interesting paper, by Rev. John H. Ryan, of Kankakee, entitled "A Chapter from the History of the Underground Railroad in Illinois," published in the "Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society," (April, 1915, vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 23-30), the following, largely, has been gathered:

John Hossack had settled in Ottawa about 1849. It is related of him that the first fugitive slave whom he helped to freedom was sent to him by the fearless and fertile Rev. Ichabod Codding, a Congregational minister and anti-slavery lecturer, who had traveled much. At that time, John Hossack was evidently a man of recognized force.

The incident, in connection with which his name has come down to our time, involved a fugutive slave named Jim Gray, or "Nigger Jim," as slavery’s supporters called him. "Jim" had escaped from his master, one Richard Philips, and had made his way from Missouri to Union County, Illinois. There he was captured and put in prison. A Mr. Root interested himself in the fugitive, and sued out a writ of habeas corpus in the State $upreme Court. The case was taken before Judge J. D. Caton, who sat at Ottawa, then one of the grand divisions of this jurisdiction.

John Hossack had been notified that the slave and his captors were to arrive in Ottawa at a certain time. He was at the station to meet them. The party who had "Jim" in charge consisted of Phillips, his son, a constable, and three kidnappers, Jones, Curtley, and McKinney."

The "kidnapping" of negroes had long been practiced in the southern counties of the State. Two or three men were usually associated together for this business. One would establish himself at St. Louis, or at one of the other border towns, and work up a reputation as a seller of slaves. The others would move about the Illinois counties on the lookout for negroes—Slaves or free. The "kidnappers" never stopped to inquire whether a colored person was free or not. The question simply was, could he be carried off in safety? The slave-hunters seized their victims secretly, or enticed them to accompany them under false pretences, placed them in a wagon, and drove as rapidly as possible to the borders of the State" (Prof. N. Dwight Harris’ "History of Negro Servitude in Illinois," PP. 54-5). Then they were sold down South."

When John Hossack met the Phillips party, "Jim," says Rev. Mr. Ryan, "had a trace-chain fastened to his legs, his arms pinioned and a rope around his neck, and down between his legs—the end held by a white man, the negro walking in front." This was too much for John Hossack. He demanded of Jim’s guard to know of what crime the negro had been guilty that he should be thus treated. The answer given was so unsatisfactory that Hossack exclaimed: "No man can be taken through the streets of Ottawa thus humiliated—not while John Hossack lives !" This fearless, public protest led to some abatement of "Jim’s" treatment.

This exhibition of slavery’s inhumanity caused intense excitement in the community. In deference to public sentiment, the Phillips party took their prisoner to a hotel instead of putting him in jail that night. In the evening church bells rang, meetings were held, plans were made for the hearing before Judge Caton the next day, and attorneys were retained to defend the fugitive.

On the hearing, and after evidence was submitted and the arguments were presented, Judge Caton discharged "Jim" from custody.

Now came the crisis. There had been some understanding that this would be done. When, therefore, the United States Marshal was removing his prisoner, the crowd gathered around captors and captive. Those most instrumental in separating "Jim" and the Marshal were John Hossack and Dr. Stout and Dr. Hopkins, and some dozen or fifteen others. A carriage was in waiting close by. Mr. Campbell (his name certainly sounds Scotch) had charge of the team. The rescuers quickly put "Jim" in the carriage, and away they went. The fugitive was conveyed to a place of safety a few miles from the present city of Streator, where he remained concealed until he was taken by friends to Chicago. There he was received by Phio Carpenter, and later sent to Canada and freedom.

John Hossack, with Dr. Joseph and James Stout, and ten or fifteen others were indicted by a United States grand jury for their participation in the rescue from the Marshal of a prisoner. They were tried in Chicago in the United States District Court, and convicted. John Hossack was defended by Messrs. Isaac N. Arnold, Burton C. Cook, and E. C. Lamed, all able and distinguished lawyers, and all personal friends of Mr. Lincoln.

In his own defense, when asked what he had to say why sentence should not be pronounced, Hossack made an address of which Rev. Mr. Ryan says: "It will become memorable as later generations appreciate the heroism of our National crisis." Hossack was sentenced to serve ten days in jail, and to pay a fine and costs amounting to $591.

It was a dearly won victory for the pro-slavery people. "Jim" had escaped, literally Scot-free, Hossack’s courageous course, his manly bearing during the trial, and his stirring speech in court, were as fuel to a conflagration that spread through, and lighted up, all of the northern part of the State. His prison became a Mecca to which crowds flocked. The newspapers reported every incident in connection with it in detail.

Many who had hitherto been indifferent on the subject of slavery were now won over to the side of the oppressed black man. His friends were greatly encouraged by the change in public sentiment. Indeed, probably no single act, in 1859-60, in northern Illinois had more influence in advancing the cause of the anti-slavery pe