Birthdates Which Occur on February 22:
1403 Charles VII King of France (1422-61), drove out English
1440 Ladislaus V Posthumus King of Hungary/Bohemia
1542 Santino Garsi composer
1573 Gemignano Capilupi composer
1732 George Washington Virginia, 1st pres (1789-97)
1745 Joao de Sousa Carvalho composer
1749 Johann Nikolaus Forkel musicologist & 1st biographer of Bach
1761 Erik Eriksson Tulindberg composer
and Jacob Kimball composer
1764 Alexander Campbell composer
1770 Jan Matyas Nepomuk August Vitasek composer
1772 Joseph Lipavsky composer
and Karl Jacob Wagner composer
1773 Matthijs I van Bree Flemish (court)painter
1778 Rembrandt Peale portrait & historical painter (Court of Death)
1779 Joachim Nicolas Eggert composer
1788 Arthur Schopenhauer Germany, philosopher (Great Pessimist)
1796 Adolphe Quetelet Belgium, mathematician/astronomer/statistician
1798 Charles Mynn Thruston Brig General (Union volunteers), died in 1873
1810 Fr‚d‚ric F Chopin Polish/French pianist/composer [OS]
and Holger Simon Paulli composer
1814 Henryk Oskar Kolberg composer
1817 Niels Vilhelm Gade Danish violinist/composer/conductor
1819 Bernardo Calvo Puig composer
and James Russell Lowell poet/critic/diplomat/abolitionist
1821 Giovanni Bottesini composer
1822 Adolf Kuszmaul German physician (stomach pump, Kuszmaul disease)
1827 James Barnet Fry Bvt Major General (Union Army), died in 1894
1828 Robert Alexander Cameron Bvt Mjr Gen (Union volunteers), died in 1894
1833 Josef Foerster composer
1834 Albert Heinrich Zabel composer
1836 Eduard Wachmann composer
1838 Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen discoverer of hydrogen in Sun
1840 F August Bebel German social-democrat
1842 L‚on Vanderkindere Belgian historian/mayor (Ukkel)
1843 Affonso de Escragnolle Taunay France/Brazil writer (Inocencia)
1844 Kazamierz Julian Kratzer composer
1850 Isaac L Rice Germany, (namesake of Columbia Univ's Rice stadium)
1852 Pieter K Pel internist (Pel-Ebstein fever)
1857 Heinrich Hertz physicist, 1st to broadcast & receive radio waves
and Robert Baden-Powell founder (Boy Scouts, Girl Guides)
1864 Jules Renard France, writer (Carrots)
1868 Henri Polak union leader/politician (soc-dem)
1873 Muhammad Iqbal Dutch East Indies lawyer/poet/philosopher
1877 Yme C Schuitmaker Dutch potato salesman/dramatist
1879 Johannes Brínsted Danish physical chemist (acid-base reactions)
1882 Eric Gill England, sculptor/engraver/typographer (Perpetua)
1883 Jaroslav Kocian composer
1884 Abraham "Abe" Attell boxing hall of famer
1887 Mary Ellen Chase educator/author (Windswept, 1959 Sarah Hale Award)
1889 Robin G Collingwood English philosopher (Roman Britain)
1891 Jan Wils Holland, architect/designer (Amsterdam's Olympic Stadium)
and Lucien Cailliet composer
1892 David Dubinsky labor leader (Freedom Award, 1969 Medal of Freedom)
and Edna St Vincent Millay poet/dramatist (Harp Weaver-Pulitzer Prize)
1894 Alexander Spitzmuller-Harmersbach composer
1895 V¡ctor Ra£l Haya de la Torre founder (Peruvian Aprista Party)
1896 Edvin Wide Sweden, 10K runner (Olympic-silver-1924)
and Enid Markey Dillon Colo, actress (Aunt Violet-Bringing Up Buddy)
and Paul Van Ostaijen Flemish poet/writer/critic (Occupied City)
1898 Anton de Kom Surinam/Dutch worker's union leader/resistance fighter
1899 Dwight Frye Salina KS, actor (Black Camel, Dracula, Frankenstein)
19-- Don Pardo Westfield Mass, TV announcer (Jeopardy, SNL)
and Geoffrey Scott Hollywood Calif, actor (Secret Empire, Dynasty)
and James Wick actor (Linc-As The World Turns)
1900 Evald Aav composer
and Giorgios Seferis Greece, poet (Nobel 1963)
and Luis Bru¤el Calanda Spain, director (Tristana, Phantom of Liberty)
and Sean O'Faolain [John Whelan], Ire, writer (Murder at Cobbler's Hulk)
1901 Charles E Whittaker Kansas, US Supreme Court justice (1957-62)
and Mildred Davis PA, actress (Grandma's Boy)
1902 Hanns Neupert German piano builder/author (Das Klavichord)
1903 Morley Callaghan Canada, author (Toronto Star, Native Argosy)
1904 Peter Hurd Roswell NM, painter (Portrait of Jos‚ Herrera)
1905 Luis Sandi composer
1906 Edmund von Borck composer
and Gale Gordon LA Calif, actor (Conklin-Our Miss Brooks, Here's Lucy)
1907 Robert Young Chic Ill, actor (Father Knows Best, Marcus Welby MD)
and Sheldon Leonard NYC, actor/director (Danny Thomas Show, Big Eddie)
1908 John Mills England, actor (Big Sleep, King Rat, War & Peace)
and R¢mulo Betancourt pres of Venezuela (1945-48, 1958-64)
1915 Dan Seymour Chicago Ill, actor (We the People, Sing It Again)
and Gus Lesnevich light heavyweight boxing champ (1947 fight of year)
1917 Harmen van Rossum civil servant/resistance fighter
1918 Charles O Finley baseball team owner (Oakland A's)
and Robert Wadlow Alton Ill, tallest known human (2.72 m, 8' 11.1")
and Sid Abel NHLer (1948-49 Hart Trophy)
1919 Jiri Pauer composer
1920 Giulietta Masina Italy, actress (La Strada, Swindle, White Sheik)
1922 Andre Asriel composer
and Felix Werder composer
1925 Edward Gorey Chicago, author/artist (Curious Sofa)
and Guy Mitchell Detroit MI, actor (Red Garters, 3 Redheads from Seattle)
and Raymond Joseph Cecil British architect
1926 Bud Yorkin producer (All in the Family, 1959, 1960 Emmy)
1927 David Ahlstrom composer
and Donald May Chicago Ill, actor (Adam-Edge of Night, Colt .45)
1928 Bruce Forsyth London England, comedian/TV host (Generation Game)
and Paul Dooley Parkensburg WV, actor (16 Candles, Strange Brew, Wedding)
1929 Ryne Duren near-sighted pitcher (NY Yankees)
1930 Allison Hayes Washington, actress (Attack of the 50 Foot Woman)
and JPS van Neerven Dutch economist/editor (Limbourg Daily)
1932 Edward M "Ted" Kennedy (Sen-D-Mass, 1962- ), (Don't let him drive)
1933 Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley England, Duchess of Kent
1934 George "Sparky" Anderson SD, baseball manager (Reds, Tigers)
and Thomas Paul Chicago Illinois, bass (NYC Opera 1963-70)
1935 Ineke [R M] Haas-Berger Dutch 2nd Chamber member (PvdA)
1936 Ernie K-Doe [Ernest Kador Jr], New Orleans La, rocker
1937 Dubravko Detoni composer
and Joanna Russ US, sci-fi author (Hugo, Female Man, Alyx)
and Samuel Whitbread English brewer/multi-millionaire
and Tommy Aaron golfer (1969 Canadian Open)
1938 Bobby Hendricks US soul vocalist (Itchy twitchy feeling)
and Ishmael Reed US, author (Last Days of Louisiana Red)
1939 Steve Barber pitcher (Balt Orioles, NY Yankees)
1940 Chet Walker NBA all-star forward (Chicago Bulls)
and Johnson P Mlambo South African leader (Pan-African Congress)
and Julian Chagrin London, mime/actor (Golddiggers)
1943 David E Skaggs (Rep-D-Colorado)
and Dick Van Arsdale NBA all-star (NY Knicks, Phoenix Suns)
and Tom Van Arsdale NBA all-star (Detroit, Cincinnati, KC-Omaha, Phil)
1944 Jonathan Demme Baldwin NY, actor/director (Caged Heat, Swing Shift)
1945 Oliver rock vocalist (Good Morning Starshine, Jean)
1947 John Bryant (Rep-D-TX, 1983- )
1948 Dennis Awtrey NBA center (Chicago Bulls, Suns)
1949 Leslie Charleson KC Missouri, actress (Monica-General Hospital)
and Nikki Lauda Austria, formula 1 auto racer (world champ 1975, 77, 84)
1950 Ellen Greene Bkln NY, vocalist/actress (Little Shoppe of Horrors)
and Julie Walters England, actress (Educating Rita, Prick Up Your Ears)
and Julius Erving ABA/NBA forward (Virg Squirers, NY Nets, Phila 76ers)
and Miou-Miou Paris France, actress (Dog Day, My Other Husband)
and Sylvette Miou-Miou Paris France, actress (Bottom Line, Menage)
1951 Harley O Staggers Jr (Rep-D-WV, 1983- )
1952 James P Bagian Philadelphia Pa, MDPE/astronaut (STS 29, STS 40)
1955 Tim Young athlete
1956 Amy Alcott KC Mo, LPGA golfer (Vare Trophy 1980, 83)
1958 Kyle MacLachlan Yakima WA, actor (Blue Velvet, Dune, Hidden)
1959 Susan Benjamin actress (Tracy-Accidental Family)
1961 Debbie Linden Glasgow Scotland, actress (Kenny Everett Show)
and Don Van Spall guitarist (Sleeze Beez)
1962 Lenda Murray Detroit Mich, body builder (4X Ms Olympia)
1963 Dave Besteman Madison Wis, speed skater (Olympics-1994)
1964 Gigi Fernandez Puerto Rico, tennis player (1988 US Open Doubles)
and Jim Wicek NYC, actor (Ben-Ryan's Hope)
1965 Pat LaFontaine St Louis Mo, NHL center (Olym-1984, NY Islanders)
1966 Resga Riggins Trussville Alabama, Miss Alabama-America (1991)
1971 Mohammed Sylla soccer player (Willem II)
1972 Michael Chang Hoboken NJ, tennis star (1989 French Open)
1973 Ntala Skinner Sun Valley Idaho, biathelete (Olympics-1994)
1974 Kyoko Nagatsuka Japan, tennis star
1975 Drew Barrymore LA Calif, actress (ET, Firestarter, Poison Ivy)
Deaths Which Occured February 22:
606 Sabinian Italian Pope (604-06), dies
1071 Arnulf III earl of Flanders/Henegouwen (Arnulf I), dies in battle
1076 Godfried III with the Hump, duke of Neth-Lutheran, murdered
1078 Johannes van F‚camp Italian mystic writer, dies
1213 Wibert of Gembloers benediction/writer/abbot of Gembloers, dies
1371 David II Bruce king of Scotland (1331..71), dies at 46
1478 Hendrik Herp (Herpius/Harphius) writer (Spieghel volcomenheit), dies
1512 Amerigo Vespucci Italian explorer (America), dies at 61
1674 John Wilson composer, dies at 78
1690 Charles Le Brun classical painter (Academie de Peinture), dies at 70
1695 Robert Southwell English poet, hanged for becoming a Catholic priest
1727 Francesco Gasparini composer, dies at 58
1731 Frederik Ruysch anatomy, dies
1750 Pietro Filippo Scarlotti composer, dies at 71
1770 Christopher Snider 11, Boston, becomes 1st martyr of US Revolution
1788 Franz Joseph Oehlschlagel composer, dies at 63
1816 Adam Ferguson Scottish sociologist/historian, dies
1822 Johann Ignaz Walter composer, dies at 66
1824 John Davy composer, dies at 60
1829 Adam A earl von Neipperg Austrian general, dies at 53
1836 John Clarke-Whitfeld composer, dies at 65
1838 Friedrich Johann Eck composer, dies at 70
1846 Carolus Antonius Fodor composer, dies at 77
Nikoli A Poveloi Russian writer/publisher, dies at 49 [OS]
1849 Alexander Ernst Fesca composer, dies at 28
1864 Jules Renard French writer (Poil the Carotte), dies
1875 Charles Lyell British geologist (Elements of Geology), dies at 77
1878 Franz Hunten composer, dies at 84
1903 Hugo Filipp Jakob Wolf Austrian composer, dies at 42
1912 Richard Andree German geographer (Andree's Handatlas), dies at 76
1913 Ferdinand Mongin de Saussure Swiss translator, dies at 55
Francisco Indalecio Madero Mexican pres, assassinated in milt coup
Suarez Mexican vice pres, assassinated in a miltary coup
1925 Georges/Joris Helleputte Belgian Catholic minister, dies
Nina David [Mrs Radcliffe N Salomon], poet/author, dies
Thomas C Allbutt English physiologist, dies at 88
1930 Godfried CE van Daalen general/governor of Atjeh, dies at 66
1934 Willem Kes violinist/composer/conductor, dies at 78
1936 Johan M Skjoldborg Danish writer (Dynaes Digte), dies at 74
1943 Christoph Probst German resistance fighter (That Weisse Rose), dies
Hans Scholl German resistance fighter (Die Weisse Rose), dies
Sophie Scholl German resistance fighter (Die Weisse Rose), beheaded
1949 Russell Porter dies^
1956 Paul Leautaud [Maurice Boissard], French writer (Petit ami), dies
1957 Harry Sothern actor (Dr Huer-Buck Rogers), dies at 72
1959 Helen Parrish actress (Hour Glass), dies of cancer at 36
1960 Hubert Cuypers composer/choir conductor (Missa Populi), dies at 86
1961 George de las Cuevas Bustillo y Teheran Chilean marquis, dies at 75
1964 Edie Martin actor (Titfield Thunderbolt), dies at 84
1966 Paul de Keyser Flemish philological/story teller, dies at 74
1967 Fritz Erler German politician (SDP), dies
Joe Forte actor (Horwitz-Life With Luigi), dies at 70
1968 Omer CFL Tulippe Belgian geographer, dies at 71
1971 Barry Macollum actor (On the Waterfront), dies at 81
Matt McHugh actor (Taxi, Freaks, Barbary Coast), dies at 77
Rudolf Mauersberger composer, dies at 82
1972 Walter Sande actor (Adventures of Tugboat Annie), dies at 65
1973 Elizabeth Bowen Anglo-Irish novelist (Cat Jumps), dies in Lond at 72
Katina Paxinou actress (For Whom the Bell Tolls, Zita), dies at 72
Winthrop Rockefeller US governor (Arkansas), dies at 60
1976 Angela Baddeley actress (Speckled Band), dies at 71
Florence Ballard rocker (Supremes), dies of a heart attack at 32
Michael Polany Hungarians/English chemist/sociologist, dies at 84
1977 Edith Barrett actress (Molly & Me, Ghost Ship), dies at 64
1978 Ilka Chase actress (Masquerade Party, Trials of O'Brien), dies at 74
Phyllis McGinley US poetess (Pulitzer 1961), dies at 72
1980 Alfred Andersch German writer (Red Head), dies at 66
Oskar Kokoschka Austria/British painter/graphic artist, dies at 93
Richard Kallman. actor (Verboten Hell Canyon Outlaws), dies at 46
1982 Murray "the K" Kaufman NYC DJ (5th Beatle), dies at 60
1983 Christina E "Christine" Auwen singer/wife of John Kelly, dies at 75
Romain Maes Belgian bicyclist, dies
1985 Alexander Scourby actor (Victory at Sea, Ransom), dies at 71
Efrem A Zimbalist Russian/US composer/violinist, dies at 95
1987 Andy Warhol pop artist, dies at 58 of a heart attack
David Susskind TV host (Open End, David Susskind Show), dies at 56
Glenway Wescott US writer (Apartment in Athens), dies at 85
1989 Joan Woodbury actress (Super Sleuth, Northwest Trail), dies
1990 Stephen Burns actor (Casey's Shadow), dies
1992 Richard Sheldon dies at 59^
1993 Jean Lecanuet French UDF-presidential candidate, dies at 72
Pieter A H Forest lawyer/procureur-general on Aruba, dies at 63
1994 "Papa" John Creach US jazz musician (Papa Blues), dies at 76
1995 Ed Flanders actor (Dr Westphall-St Elsewhere), commits suicide at 60
Elfi Althoff-Jacobi Austrian circus director, dies at 80
Lembarek Boumaarafi Algerian murderer of Pres Boudiaf, dies
Holidays Which Occur February 22:
British Commonwealth Girl Guides Thinking Day (1857)
Central African Republic President's Birthday
Egypt, Syria Unity Day (1958)
India Mothers Day
M‚xico National Mourning Day (Francisco I Madero-1913)
Qatar Amir's Assumption of Amirship (1972)
St Lucia Independence Day (1979)
Virgin Island Donkey Races Day
Religious Observances on February 22:
Christian Feast of Blessed Isabel
Moslem-Qatar Amir's Assumption of Amirship
354 RC Commemoration of Chair of St Peter at Antioch
1297 RC Commemoration of St Margaret of Cortona, Franciscan tertiary
Things to Remember for February 22:
Biorhythm Health Month-National Meat Month
Flowers-violet & primrose Gem-amethyst
National Cherry-American Heart-TV Sweeps & Black History Month
[Ancient Rome] Kalend‘ Februarius; Kalend Feb
[Plains Indians] Hunger Moon month
24 Days Delta Leonid meteor shower, radiant between ç & ë Leonis
26 Days Astrological sign: Pisces
[Ancient Rome] a d viij Kal Mar
Highlights in History Which Occur February 22:
57 -BC- Origin of Vikrama Samvat Era (India)
606 Sabinian ends his reign as Catholic Pope
896 Pope Formosa crowned king Arnulf of Karinthie/French emperor
1071 Battle of Cassel-Robrecht I the Frisian vs Arnulf III/I
1281 Simon de Brion elected Pope Martinus IV
1288 Girolamo Masci elected Pope Nicolaas IV
1300 Pope Boniface VIII delegates degree
1349 Jews are expelled from Zurich Switzerland
1495 French King Charles VIII enters Naples to claim crown
1561 Willem van Orange appointed viceroy of Bourgondie/Charolais
1630 Indians introduce pilgrims to popcorn, at Thanksgiving
1746 French troops conquer Brussels
1774 English House of Lords rules authors do not have perpetual copyright
1775 1st US joint stock company (to make cloth) offers shares at œ10
1784 Empress of China sets sail on 1st NY to China route
1819 Spain renounces claims to Oregon Country, Florida (Adams-On¡s Treaty)
1821 Spain sells (east) Florida to United States for $5 million
1825 Russia & Britain form Alaska-Canada boundary
1835 HMS Beagle/Charles Darwin leaves Valdivia Chile
1836 Dutch garrison evacuates fort Du Bus New-Guinea
1847 Battle of Buena Vista: US troops beat Mexican army
1854 1st meeting of Republican Party, Michigan
1856 1st national meeting of Republican Party, Pittsburgh
1860 Organized baseball played in SF for 1st time
and Shoe-making workers of Lynn Ms, strike successfully for higher wages
1861 On a bet Edward Weston leaves Boston to walk to Lincoln's inauguration
1864 -27] Battle at Dalton Georgia
and Battle of Okolona, MS
and Skirmish at Calfkiller Creek (Sparta) Tennessee
1865 Battle of Wilmington, NC (Fort Anderson) occupied by Federals
and Tennessee adopts a new constitution abolishing slavery
1872 1st national convention of Prohibition Party, Columbus, Ohio
and Labor Reform Party forms in Columbus, Ohio
1878 Greenback Labor Party forms in Toledo, Ohio
1879 1st 5› & 10› store opened by FW Woolworth in Utica, NY
1882 With 120 miles James Saunders wins NYC's 24 hour race & $100 prize
1887 Union Labor Party organized in Cincinnati
1888 John Reid of Scotland demonstrates golf to Americans, Yonkers, NY
1889 Dakotas, Montana & Washington admitted to union
1898 Black postmater lynched, his wife & 3 daughters shot in Lake City SC
1900 A Charlois discovers asteroid #453 Tea
and Battle at Wynne's Hill, South-Africa (Boers vs British army)
1906 M Wolf discovers asteroids #587 Hypsipyle & #588 Achilles
1908 J H Metcalf discovers asteroid #661 Cloelia
1909 Great White Fleet, 1st US fleet to circle the globe, returns to Va
1912 J Vedrines makes 1st airplane flight over 100 mph-161.29 kph
1913 Lowell HS, SF opens (on it's 1st campus)
1915 Germany begins "restricted" submarine war
1917 German fleet torpedoes 7 Dutch ships
1918 Germany claims Baltic states, Finland & Ukraine from Russia
1920 1st artificial rabbit used at a dog race track, Emeryville, Calif
1922 Congress authorizes Grant Memorial $1 gold coin
1923 1st successful chinchilla farm in US, Los Angeles
and Transcontinental airmail service begins
1924 1st presidential radio address (Calvin Coolidge)
1927 Baruch Spinosa's house of mourning opened as a museum
1928 1st solo England to Australia flight lands (Bert Hinkler)
and K Reinmuth discovers asteroid #1156 Kira
1930 K Reinmuth discovers asteroid #1183 Jutta
1935 Airplanes are no longer permitted to fly over the White House
1936 Construction on Ypenburg airport begins
1938 Y Vaisala discovers asteroids #1451 Grano, #2397 Lappajarvi,
#2733 Hamina & #2737 Kotka
1939 A Patry discovers asteroid #1510 Charlois
and Netherlands recognizes Franco-regime in Spain
1940 Finnish troops vacate Koivisto island
and German air force sinks 2 German destroyers, killing 578
1941 German assault on El Agheila Libya
and IG Farben decides building Buna-Werke in Auschwitz Concentration Camp
and Secret police begin rounding up Jews in Amsterdam
1944 US 8th Air Force bombs Enschede, Arnhem & Nijmegen
1945 British troops take Ramree Island, Burma
1948 Arabs bomb attack in Jerusalem, 50 die
1950 Brockway & Weinstock publish "Men of Music" (rev ed)
1956 Elvis Presley's 1st hit in Billboard's top 10: "Heartbreak Hotel"
1957 Jockey Ted Atkinson, 3,500th win
1958 Australian swimmer Jon Konrads sets 6 world records in 2 days
and Egypt & Syria form United Arab Republic (UAR)
and Indonesian air force bombs Padang, Sumatra/Menado, Celebes
1959 1st Daytona 500 auto race-Lee Petty wins
1962 Wilt Chamberlain sets NBA record with 34 free throw attempts
1963 Beatles begin their own music publishing company (Northern Songs)
1964 Beatles arrive back in England after their 1st US visit
1965 USSR launches Kosmos 57 to earth orbit (Voskhod test)
1966 Soviets launch Kosmos 110 with Veterok & Ugolek, 1st 2-dog crew
1968 Rock group Genesis release their 1st record "Silent Sun"
1969 Barbara Jo Rubin becomes 1st female jockey to win at a major US track
1971 Lt Gen Hafiz al-Assad becomes President of Syria
1972 Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani becomes Amir & Prime Minister of Qatar
1973 Israeli fighter planes shoot down a Libyan coml airliner (106 die)
1974 Ethiopia police shoot at demonstrators
1977 Harvard College discovers asteroid #2923 Schuyler
1978 2 tankers with propane gas explode killing 15 at Waverly, Tenn
1979 Billy Martin named manager of Oakland A's
and St Lucia gains independence from Britain
1980 Afghanistan declares martial law
and USA beats USSR in Olympic hockey 4-3 en route to a gold medal
1982 NYC Mayor Koch announces he will run for NY governor (unsuccessful)
1983 Hindus kill 3000 Moslems in Assam, India
and Vladimir Salnikov (USSR) sets 1500m free style swimming record
1984 Brothers Anton & Peter Stastny score 8 pts each for NHL Qu‚bec
1987 Bruno Marie-Rose runs world record 200m indoor (20.36 sec)
1988 Bonnie Blair skates world record 500m (39.10 sec)
1989 "Don't Worry, Be Happy" wins Grammy as song of year
and 1st Spanish commercial on network TV (Pepsi-Cola-CBS Grammy Award)
and UK physicist Stephen Hawking calls Star Wars a "deliberate fraud"
and US authors demonstrate against Iranian death treats against Salman
Rushdee, author of "Satanic Rituals"
1991 Actor Bill Bixby (57) weds Laura Michael (32)
1992 Barry Diller resigns as CEO of Fox
and Ed McMahon, 69, weds Pamela Hurn, 37
and Rockers Kurt Corbin (Nirvana) & Courtney Love (Hole), wed
Your Special Reminders for February 22:
1963 8øF lowest temperature for this date in NYC
and 1991 66øF highest temperature for this date in NYC
and 53rd day of the year with 312 days left (Numerology = 6)
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