Identifying
Tartans
by Blair Urquhart
Published by The Apple Press,
London
80 pages with illustrations
Purchase Identifying Tartans here!
Extracts from the
book
Identifying Tartans
'Every isle differs from
each other in their fancy of making plads, as to the stripes and Breath
and Colours. This Humour is as different thro the main land of the
Highlands in-so-far that they who have seen those places, are able, at the
first view of a man's plad, to guess the place of his residence...'. So
said Martin Martin writing in 1703, making the first documented reference
to tartan as a means of identification. Since that time, the spirit of the
idea has grown to the extent that we have come to believe that the pattern
of woven coloured stripes has become an important part of our cultural
identity. The pages of this guide are intended not only for this study but
also to introduce the historical connections, apparent in the designs,
which add to our understanding of the structure of our social and family
heritage.
The Origins of Clan
Tartans
It is now generally
accepted that clan tartans were established and named towards the end of
the 18th century. Prior to that time, while clan, district and tartan were
often closely associated, the idea of a single uniform clan tartan had not
yet emerged. It would be wrong, however, to assume that the tartan
patterns were created at this time. William Wilson, the foremost weaving
manufacturer since c.1770, took a great interest in reproducing "perfectly
genuine patterns" and engaged in extensive correspondence with his
Highland agents to gather information and actual samples of the cloth
woven in the clan districts.
The natural development of
the art of tartan manufacture in the Highlands had been completely
curtailed for over 50 years. The battle of Culloden (1746) was still
within living memory and the disarming acts which followed included the
proscription (ban) of Highland dress which was not repealed until 1782.
Tartan manufacture survived only in the hands of the military and their
Lowland suppliers. Efforts to restore the spirit and culture of the
Highlands after this lengthy period of repression, were encouraged by the
newly formed Highland Societies in London (1778) and Edinburgh (1780). The
warlike reputation of tartan, ruthlessly crushed at home, was put to great
military advantage by the Highland regiments in their exploits abroad. By
1822, the year of the first Royal visit to Scotland since the rebellion,
all the ingredients for a spectacular tartan revival were in place. Wilson
had over 200 setts recorded in the firm's pattern books, many of them
tentatively named, and the Highland Society of London had persuaded the
majority of the clan chiefs to account for their clan tartans. So it was
in the capable hands of Sir Walter Scott that the Royal seal of approval
was added to the now highly fashionable Highland Garb by a kilted King
George IV. The chiefs of the clans were commanded to attend the king at
Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh wearing their Highland dress. This Royal
patronage was later continued and extended by Queen Victoria in her
passion for all things Scottish.
Evidence of the previous
existence or tartan dates back to the 3rd century A.D., when a small
sample of woollen check cloth was used as a stopper in an earthenware pot
to protect a treasure trove of silver coins buried close to the Roman
Antonine Wall near Falkirk. The two colours of the sample were identified
as the undyed brown and white of the native Soay Sheep.
References to tartans occur
in various historic documents, paintings and illustrations. A charter
granted to Hector MacLean of Duart in 1587 for lands in Islay details a
feu duty payable in the form of 60 ells cloth of white, black and green
colours (the colours of Hunting MacLean of Duart tartan), and an
eyewitness account of the Battle of Killecrankie in 1689 describes "McDonells
men in their triple stripe". It is reasonable to assume that any tight
knit community would wear the cloth produced by the local weaver in
quantities that would limit the variety of patterns, and that when they
went to war, many would be dressed in the same material.
Many references support the
role of the chief in deciding the pattern and the colour of the plaids to
be worn in battle. This tradition is maintained to the present day. New
tartans accredited by the Scottish Tartans Society must have the approval
of the chief.
The district origins of
clan tartans
Many of the oldest clan
tartans may have originated in the work of local weavers, whose designs
became the patterns we now know as District Tartans. For example;
-
The Huntly District
Tartan.
-
The Old Lochaber.
-
The Glen Orchy district
tartan.
-
The Lennox district
tartan.
The Name
The present day name of the
tartan is given, along with several descriptive terms which have acquired
special meanings in this context. Strong feelings surround the use of the
word 'clan'. Some would insist that only the acknowledged Highland tribes
can so described, while others regard it as a synonym for family or, in
fact, any group of people acting with a common interest. In this book both
Highland and Lowland families are described as clans, in line with the
many historical references which use the term. Tartans of branches of the
main clans are also described as clan tartans. Some names are associated
with more than one clan, and it is appropriate in these instances to refer
to the family tartan.
Hunting tartans, as their
name implies, are designed in subdued colours, often greens or blues, to
blend with the natural environment. Wearing of these tartans is not
restricted to the grouse moors, but is intended for everyday use and
informal occasions. Some clans wear the Black Watch as their Hunting sett:
For example, the Munros.
Dress tartans are designed
by altering one of the background colours of the formal sett to white.
Kilts made of this material are usually worn for dancing; not to be
confused with 'formal dress' or 'evening dress'. Names which include Mac,
Mc or M' are always spelt Mac in full followed by a capital letter, except
where the name refers to an individual who has stated a preference by
spelling his name in some other way. In Gaelic, Mac and the name are two
separate words.
Earliest known date
This entry records the
first reference to the tartan under its present name. The threadcount at
that time may be different from the illustrated sett but there will be
sufficient similarity to suggest that the main elements of the design are
still apparent in the modern version. The use of parenthesis indicates
that there is some doubt about the historical validity of the reference.
Earliest known source
This refers to the precise
origin of the sett described. A visit to the Queen Street Museum in
Edinburgh or the Mitchell Library in Glasgow will reward the investigator
with a glimpse of the subtle beauty of these early samples. In some cases
the earliest reference will be the designer but more often one of the
early collections or publications will provide the source. These are
discussed in greater detail in their own section of the book.
Status
The tartan of a Highland
clan is determined by the clan chief. The clansmen and followers (blood
relations and families taking protection from the clan) wear the tartan of
the chief. In most cases the sett has been acknowledged for generations
and is well known to chief and clansmen alike, but occasionally the chief
may pronounce on a new pattern or disassociate himself from an old one. A
case in point is the Clan Campbell tartan. The present chief does not
acknowledge the well known Campbell of Argyll, and instead prefers to wear
the plain Black Watch Campbell in ancient colours.
The Highland Society of
London has a collection of tartans in which each sample is "Certified by
the Chief" and bearing his seal and signature.
The Lord Lyon maintains the
Lyon Court Books and the Public Register of All Arms and Bearings, in
which are registered those clan and family tartans appearing in the
families' coats of arms, usually as the background to the clan badge.
The Scottish Tartans
Society awards an Accreditation status to newly designed tartans,
including clan, family, district, regimental, corporate and clan society
tartans, in the Register of All Publicly Known Tartans. Acknowledged
tartans which do not fall into any of these categories, are 'Recorded' in
the same register.
Type
Three types of pattern are
listed. Symmetrical setts contain two pivots; the points where the
sequence of stripes, starting at the pivot, can be seen to be identical in
four directions, North, South, East and West. The two pivots are connected
along the diagonal by plain squares, each of a single colour. The full
sett is the sequence of colours read from right to left, turned about the
pivot, and repeated left to right. It is usually between 5 and 7 inches in
width to accommodate the kilting (pleats). A symmetrical tartan can be
recorded as an half sett.
Asymmetrical setts have no
true pivots although appearances can be deceptive. The pattern is repeated
from right to left across the width of the cloth. Manufacturers using
double width looms change the direction of the pattern at the centre,
where the cloth will be folded, to allow tailors to match the colours when
cutting items of clothing other than kilts. Tailor's off cuts could
contain some pieces easily mistaken for examples of a symmetrical form of
an asymmetrical tartan. The full sett must be recorded beginning at the
colour whose first letter is nearest to the beginning of the alphabet. It
is also necessary to establish the front of the cloth: The side on which
the individual stitches appear to make diagonal lines from bottom left to
top right.
Equal check
This is the simplest form
of tartan involving only two colours. The MacGregor tartan known as Rob
Roy is a black and red check. The Moncreiffe tartan is red and green.
What does VS stand for?
VS stands for Vestiarium Scoticum.
Tartans of the Lowland
families were not named until the publication the 'Vestiarium Scoticum'
in 1842. The authors, the Sobieski Stuart brothers, enjoyed a popular
following amongst the Scottish gentry in the early Victorian era, and in
the spirit of the times, added mystery, romance and some spurious
historical documentation to the subject of tartans.
More recent research
shows that the Sobieski's were indeed remarkable historians, but of the
variety that has no great concern for the actuality of the past. Many of
their 'invented' patterns have genuine as well as fake historic links.
The difficulty for the modern scholar is separating fact from fiction.
HOUSE of TARTAN
HOUSE of TARTAN aim to
continue this story by maintaining and developing the interest in Tartan
throughout the world, and providing a focus to stimulate a greater
awareness in the history and culture associated with Tartan, the Clans and
their respective family and geographical links. Through the provision of
information and the ongoing development of our database, we aim to bring
about a wider enthusiasm and appreciation for the superb designs, patterns
and colours that have become established over the years as an important
and integral part of Scottish heritage.
Our service provides a
comprehensive choice of fabrics and products for personal and Corporate
customers, enabling access to the widest source of quality fabrics and
products from Scotland. For those wishing to create new Tartans, or
wanting to establish a new Corporate identity, we offer a Tartan fabric
design and product supply service.
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of Tartan 1999 - 2001
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