When sunrays crown thy pine-clad hills
                                    And summer spreads her hand
                                    When silvern voices tune thy rills
                                    We love thee, smiling land
                                    We love thee, we love thee, we love thee Newfoundland.

                                    When spreads thy cloak of shimm’ring white,
                                    At Winter’s stern command,
                                    Thro’ shortened day and starlit night,
                                    We love thee, frozen land,
                                    We love thee, we love thee, we love thee, frozen land. 

                                    When blinding storm-gusts fret thy shore
                                    And wild waves lash thy strand
                                    Thro’ spindrift swirl and tempest roar
                                    We love thee, windswept land
                                    We love thee, we love thee, we love thee windswept land.

                                                                        Newfoundland anthem,  Sir Cavendish Boyle

My first impression of North America was to be in the Province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It proved to be an enriching experience in many ways despite the Province being the butt of many jokes on the Canadian mainland.  I recall the words of a Canadian couple I spoke to in Prestwick airport Scotland, as I waited for my flight to depart in October 1965.  They said “oh, Newfoundland, - the cold, the mist, the snow, the parochialism, the isolation, - and we can assure you, - you will love it!”   They were absolutely right.  ‘Newfy’s’ make up for all the disadvantages of their island community with a wonderful spirit of friendliness, humour, love of music, openness and hospitality.

Mainland Canadians are surprisingly ignorant of Newfoundland which is in many ways more cultured and better developed than some parts of the other maritime provinces.  Eskimo and Indian peoples inhabited the area for many centuries, and there appear to have been brief settlements of Viking sailors in pre-Columbus times, though evidential remains are scanty.  The first recorded European visitor was in 1498, when John Cabot of Bristol arrived (or was he Jean Cabot of France? or Giovanni Cabotto of Italy! – it is not certain).  So that part of Canada has been exposed to European fishers and traders for over 500 years. Newfoundland was proclaimed an English colony under Queen Elizabeth 1st in 1583 by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, but that ill-fated explorer lost his life on the return voyage across the Atlantic. Cornish and west English fishers began to establish stations on Newfoundland’s east coast from the 17^th century.  The British Government was not keen however to see an indigenous fishing industry established, since it would compete with English merchants, and for many years, each autumn, the British navy burnt settlements established near the shore by fishers who may have had visions of spending the winter there.  See St John’s magnificent harbor below :

map of Newfoundland

When I arrived, Portuguese sailing schooners were still fishing for cod in the summer months.  These beautiful vessels often came into St. John’s harbour where they were a colourful sight.  American and Canadian dory fishing had all but ceased, but those intrepid Portuguese sailors went off from their schooners in little one-man and two-man dories, hand-lining for cod on the Greenland grounds.  The fish caught were split and salted, and taken back to Portugal to be further dried and sold as stockfish.  The type of fishing was described by Rudyard Kipling in Captains Courageous, and pictured in the Spencer Tracy film of that novel.  Cod fishing by Newfoundland fishers in the 1960’s was by means of the cod trap, a box-shaped net with a short leader, set next to the shore or cliffs, or by baited long-line, or otter trawl.  Some old British side trawlers had been procured by local companies, and a fleet of new steel stern trawlers was being steadily built up.

               Newfoundland dory (used for cod fishing)                       St Johns natural harbour

The famous Grand Banks of Newfoundland were already fished out by the 1960’s, and cod stocks had moved to the north-west and north-east.  Some fishers and scientists believe that the current absence of cod off Canada’s east coast owes more to global warming of sea temperatures, and to the cod seeking colder waters, than to over-fishing by local fleets which was the government’s conclusion.   But in the 1960’s though cod were still around, they were mostly found off Labrador to the north.  During the spawning season however some schools still entered the Newfoundland bays  where many were still trapped in the local fish traps set for that purpose.

Farther north, the larger and sparsely populated part of the Province, was wild Labrador, where Newfy sealers went to fish each winter or spring.  This remote and forbidding land was the scene of the life’s work of Dr William Grenfell, a remarkable missionary and pioneer.  He had served with the British RNMDSF fishermens mission on the North Sea in the late 1880’s but heard that a greater challenge and greater needs existed in Labrador.  So Grenfell took up the call, and so served that province and its people, that today no name is more revered in Labrador, than that of the humble, persevering doctor.  

                 postage stamp of Sir Wilfred Grenfell                Dr Grenfell and his Labrador mission boat

I lodged with a local family the first year, in the appropriately named Topsail Road, and enjoyed a rich fare of home-baked bread, local berries, and meat from moose, rabbit, seal, seabird and whale.  The seal and whale meats were too strong for me, but the ‘flipper pie’ was palatable.  Surprisingly fish were not often on the menu.  In the 1960’s there was not a single fresh fish market in St. John’s, only the occasional sale of cod from a wheelbarrow in Water street, by fishers from the nearest cove.  And the frozen fillets of cod, flounder and redfish from local fish plants were abominable to say the least. 

Newfoundland had a thriving stockfish (dried, split, salted cod) trade up till 1960, for which there was and is a ready market.  The most lucrative market was in the Iberian peninsula, the next in West Africa, and the lowest quality went to the Caribbean.  Some bright fishery administrator abolished the quality grading of stockfish.  The general quality then bottomed out, and at times was not even acceptable on the cheapest markets.  For all its fishing history, the Province’s industry of that period, was in a dismal condition, which was one reason the Fishery College was built, and I was offered work there for two years.

Newfoundland then had a dynamic Premier, Joey Smallwood, who had great vision for his Province having fought successfully for it to undertake the step of Confederation with Canada.  He was constantly on the lookout for new investment and new industry.  But like many isolated island communities, Newfoundland was regularly taken advantage of by fast-buck merchants and pretending investors who had other agendas.  One of the biggest disappointments was the Churchill Falls hydro-power dam in Labrador.  The project was planned during my stay, and came on stream just before the OPEC oil crisis and the global rise in energy prices.  The Province found itself locked into a contract by Quebec that gave it so little in return for the electricity, Newfoundland was actually subsidizing the richer mainland provinces with valuable energy.  Above left :Joey Smallwood, Newfoundland’s dynamic Premier

The College of Fisheries, Navigation, Marine Engineering and Electronics, was one of Premier Smallwood’s projects.  It was housed in the former Memorial University buildings when that institute moved to a new campus.  The main building appears in an earlier Newfoundland postage stamp issued before Confederation with Canada.  President of the College was Dr W. F. (Bill) Hampton, a former food technologist who was credited with development of the first “fish fingers”.  There were both national and international staff in the five college departments.  Two of my colleagues in Nautical Science were marvelous seamen, - former masters of schooners, Captain Williams and Captain Burden.  Captain Williams’ seamanship room was one of the finest I have seen anywhere, with examples of every kind of rope-work, wire-work and ship’s rigging.  My direct co-lecturer was Professor Yunosuke Iitaka from Kinki Unuversity, Osaka, Japan.  He was a splendid example of the fishery academics produced by the then leading fishery country in the world.

Postage stamp showing the old Memorial University in St John’s which became the new College of Fisheries in 1964.  (The College was later moved and was transformed into a new Marine Institute. The old building now houses a technical school)

A fascinating staff member in our Department was Otto Kelland, a well-known local musician and song-writer.  The college had hired him for his skills in making model boats, but he was more renowned for his musical talents.  All who know Newfoundland will be aware of its rich heritage of sea shanties and folk songs, mostly with an Irish lilt to them.  Otto’s finest production was Cape St. Mary’s, written in 1945.   The music which is truly moving, you will have to locate elsewhere, but I cannot resist the temptation to include a few verses here. 

                        Take me back to my western boat, let me fish off Cape St. Mary’s
                        Where the hag-downs sail, and the fog-horns wail,
                        With my friends the Browns and the Cleary’s,
                        Let me fish off Cape St. Mary’s.

                        Let me feel my dory lift, to the broad Atlantic combers
                        Where the tide rips swirl and wild ducks whirl.
                        Where old Neptune calls the numbers
                        ‘Neath the broad Atlantic combers.

                        Let me sail up Golden Bay, with my oilskins all astreamin’
                        From the thunder squall when I hauled my trawl
                        And my old Cape Anne a-gleamin’,
                        And my oilskins all a-streamin’.

                        Let me view that rugged shore, where the beach is all a-glisten
                        With the capelin spawn, where from dusk to dawn,
                        You bait your trawl and listen,
                        To the undertow a-hissin’.

                        Take me back to that snug green cove, where the seas rolls up their thunder,
                        There let me rest in the earth’s cool breast
                        Where the stars shine out their wonder
                        And the seas rolls up their thunder.

Otto Kelland the composer of Cape St. Mary’s who died in his hundredth year.  He made beautiful models of schooners and fishing boats for the College when I served there.

Newfoundland had its “city” people and its “bay” people, and you had not arrived till you had stayed a few days in one of the many out-ports where houses were mostly built on pole frames above the ground.  Practically every second Newfoundlander then was a skilled carpenter and could build a timber frame house, as his wife could bake bread.  (No self-respecting Newfoundland wife would buy bread, - only flour.  Bread was what incomers and some city people bought!).  To spend a week-end at an outport was to experience generous hospitality and friendship.  The food was plentiful and varied, with some moose and caribou occasionally served.  My young wife found the heart meat a bit revolting to her mind – it tasted great till she she was told what it was!  Then she asked to use the toilet and was shown into a bedroom.  When she protested that it was a bathroom she needed, she was shown a bucket in the corner!  Bathrooms were luxuries few outport houses possessed then.

Old houses in a St John’s street

The capelin run was an exciting annual event that brought most of us to one of the local beaches to witness.  Those anchovy-like fish swam inshore and spawned in schools on the shore.  They would swim on to the beach in threes – two males and a female – and deposit their spawn and sperm on the pebbles or gravel.  They made an excellent dish when fried fresh.  To me the nearest fish in taste and shape to the capelin, are the slightly larger flying fish which we used to catch and eat in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

The open moorlands of Newfoundland were briefly covered in berries late summertime. There were different sorts, but to collect any you had to be quick as the season was very short.  I sometimes wondered if the Viking name of “Vinland” for the island, was a reference, not to grapes as widely assumed, but to the berries that abound for part of the year.  I doubt if wild grapes could have survived that far north in the past thousand years.

At the beginning of my second year in the new world, I flew home to marry my Scots sweetheart.  On the way home I changed planes at Gander airport where I literally bumped into Prime Minister Harold Wilson in the bookshop.  He was on his way to Washington to seek financial help for Britain’s ailing economy from President Johnson.  (He obtained the assistance, but it effectively silenced him from voicing any further objections or concerns about the Vietnam war).  However, to happier things, - we set up home in a cosy new wooden bungalow at the edge of the woods behind the north-west side of the city of St. John’s.  It was typical of the Newfy people that they gave us a second wedding reception on our arrival.  Our first year of wedded bliss was unalloyed by the sub-zero temperatures and severe snowstorms that continued through the long winter.

Newfoundland Scenes

Portuguse schooner

St. John’s has a fine large natural harbour protected by high rocky land on either side of the narrow entrance.  The promontory on the north side of the entrance is known as “Signal Hill” as it was from there in December 1901 that Guglielmo Marconi received the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, - the letter “S” transmitted repeatedly from a station in Cornwall, and received by an aerial wire held aloft with a kite.  On the same side of the harbour is the site of a former military defense battery.  I have stood on Signal Hill when the harbour was frozen over, and the ice extended 3 miles seaward. A trawler was caught in the ice half a mile away, and its crew had been able to walk ashore.

Above : Outside our first home in St. John’s, Newfoundland

We visited Signal Hill and the Battery often, and my young wife celebrated her 21^st birthday in the battery restaurant over-looking the harbour.  We were to return for a reunion dinner 21 years later, and were joined by the same lovely Newfoundland couple who were with us on the first occasion.  Bertha hailed from Red Bay in Labrador, and she often related how life was growing up on that remote coast.  Bob had worked for the Hudson Bay trading company as a young man, and had equally interesting tales to tell.

A Mrs Betty Adams from Edinburgh, who used to be a customer of my wife’s parents fruit and vegetable shop in Morningside, became a trusted friend.  Her Newfoundland husband, Charles, was a fine member of a notable local family who were active in fuel supplies and distribution, and in politics.  Bill Adams, a lawyer, was then running for Mayor of St. John’s, a position he won and held with distinction.   They were typical of the fine town people of the Province.  Our departmental secretary at the College, Margaret Hiscock, became a close friend.  She went on to become secretary to a subsequent Premier of Newfoundland, Brien Peckford.  I had met Joey Smallwood during his tenure, and knew his successor, Frank Moores when he was managing a fish plant in Carbonear.   When Newfoundland joined the Canadian Federation in 1949, it was (in the words of a Newfoundlander I knew), “a poverty-stricken hole” with a population of 300,000, and 52 millionaires who had mostly made their money from the fishing industry, amplifying it later by obtaining the franchise or dealership for heavy equipment and other manufactured goods.

I visited mining towns in central Newfoundland, and stayed with families who lived in “tar-paper shacks”, - small houses made of tar-coated, insulated cardboard sheets nailed over a simple wooden frame.  Those mining settlements were rather depressing.  The company controlled everything, and if a resident fell into disfavour, his or her future there was bleak indeed.  On the west coast there were some poor French-speaking communities, some of whose unemployed men sometimes attended vocational courses at the college.  We also had a few students of Eskimo origin attend from Labrador.

I recall a meeting with small scale fishers near Corner Brook where they were berated by Fishery Officials for their lack of enterprise.  They sat there meekly, taking it it all in silence, and leaving it to their parish priest to speak for them.  Towards the end of the meeting, being young and a bit too outspoken, I expressed strong disagreement with the attitude of the officials who seemed to think the poor fishers should lift themselves up by their bootstraps.  I urged the speakers to look at things from the situation of the powerless and vulnerable community, and opined that a much more effective and realistic development programme was needed.  The statement brought an immediate response from the silent fishers who suddenly broke into into a spontaneous burst of loud applause.  It was then the turn of the officials to maintain a stony silence.   Many years later I was invited by Simon Fraser University to participate in a community workshop for the residents of the Change Islands, - a small isolated community on that tiny rocky location situated between the northern tip of Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador.

Other parts of Canada we visited, apart from all of the eastern maritime states, were Ontario (of course, - where most Scots immigrants gravitated to), Quebec, and British Columbia.   My older brother, a civil engineer, and his family had settled in Toronto, after working some years in Nova Scotia, on the construction of the Cabot Trail and the Trans-Canada Highway.  Billy was a fine amateur golfer, and won several trophies in competitions held in Nova Scotia and Ontario. From Toronto we drove to Ottawa to visit friends we knew in Rome, and to attend an interesting session of the Canadian Parliament.  In Vancouver, I had lovely relatives in a half-sister of my mother, and her two lovely daughters.  Aunt Nell, at over 80, still stood ramrod straight, and had a sharp intellect and an enquiring mind.  She had been a real pioneer in the Yukon territory during the 1920’s and 1930’s.

Whenever I think of the Yukon territory and the klondyke days, my mind goes back to a second generation Scot, a writer, who worked for the Canadian Bank of Commerce in some of the wild Yukon territory outposts like Whitehorse and Dawson.  He painted the characters and life of the frontier fortune hunters, in marvelous verse.  I refer to Robert Service.  Readers will know who I mean the minute I quote the titles of some of his works :  the Shooting of Dan McGrew; the Creation of Sam McGee;  the Law of the Yukon; the ballad of One-eyed Mike;    Once I found his book “Songs of a Sourdough”, and the various collections of his verse, I could not resist putting them to memory, and reciting them to friends on the odd occasion when a social evening was getting dull.

Picture of my late brother Billy with several of the golf trophies he won in Canada.

The Yukon and Rocky Mountain range also bring to mind the work of an English-born explorer of that region, - a namesake of mine.  Along with the Lewis born Scot, Alexander MacKenzie, David Thompson ranks as one of the premier explorers and surveyors of North America.  He was born in England in 1770 of a Welsh father who died when David was an infant.  At the amazingly early age of 14, he sailed to Canada as an apprentice to the Hudson Bay Company at their Churchill station.  He was to develop great skills as a surveyor, and was to take considerable interest in the native Indian populations.  Dissatisfied with his work as a fur trader, he joined the North West Company on Lake Superior in 1797.  For the next 20 years and more, Thompson was to explore and map most of North West America, including the border between the USA and Canada.  Simon Fraser was to name the Thompson river after him.  (see box below).

Above : Robert Service the great poet of the Yukon and the Canadian west

Above : map of David Thompson’s explorations

      postage stamp of Thompson                                    Thompson surveying

Scots featured prominently in Canada’s history.  Alexander MacKenzie, mentioned above, was a fur trapper with the Northwest Company (which later amalgamated with the Hudson Bay Company).  He gave his name to the Mackenzie river which he explored for most of its 3,000 miles from lake Athabasca in Alberta, up into the Arctic ocean.  Then he crossed the Rockies to the Pacific coast, accomplishing that feat ten years before the famed Lewis and Clark expedition.  These wilderness travels took place between 1789 and 1793.  After the Northwest Company merged with the Hudson Bay Company, it was governed by a redoubtable west highland Scot, George Simpson, who among his several eccentric habits would take a piper with him to play pibrochs as they sailed over remote rivers and lakes.

With the passing of the British North America Act, Canada gained Independence from Britain in 1867. This measure was achieved in large part by John MacDonald who emigrated at an early age with his parents and who worked and struggled to acquire a Law degree in Ontario.  This later led him into politics, and leadership of the Liberal-Conservative Party through which he sought to build bridges with the French settlers in Quebec and New Brunswick, and gain their support for the independence arrangements.  He went on to become the united territory’s first Prime Minister. 

Another remarkable Scot was Sandy Fleming, the chief engineer behind the 3,700 mile Canadian Pacific Railway which was completed in 1885.  The railway track’s mountainous terrain with its many rivers and gorges were as challenging as any team of surveyors and engineers had ever faced.  But Fleming went on to tackle another problem in an even more significant way.  In the late 19^th century, in most parts of the world, clocks were set by sunrise and sunset, and there were few places outside of Britain that used a standard time.  Simpson, who needed a common time for all railway clocks across Canada, solved the difficulty by dividing the world into 20 time zones of 15 degrees longitude each, and had the scheme accepted at an international conference in Washington in 1882. Global time was synchronized and commenced the following year. 

my father introducing pair seining to the Canadian Maritimes

In addition to the notable Canadians of Scots origin, there were of course, thousands of emigrants and settlers from that land.  Some arrived out of the distress of the potato famine, and from the cruel Highland Clearances, but many others arrived simply seeking opportunity in the new land.  Orcadians were prominent in the Hudson bay Company which some joked they joined to seek a warmer change from the cold winds of Orkney.  Ontario, even more than Nova Scotia, was replete with Scots or folk of Scots descent.  Vancouver also had a large Scots community till they were swamped by immigrants from across the Pacific.  My Aunt Nell was one of those who left Morayshire to work in the wild frontier of the Yukon trail, later settling in Vancouver with her family.

Two very contrasting Scots-Canadian figures of the 20^th century, that have long fascinated me, were Baron Lord Tweedsmuir, better known as the author John Buchan, and Malcolm MacDonald, son of Ramsay MacDonald.  John Buchan was Governor General of Canada from 1935 to 1940, while Macdonald was British High Commissioner for the country from 1941 to 1946.  Though both men were well-travelled, held several public offices, and wrote a number of books, they were very different in character and attitude.  One, the son of a Prime Minister was remarkable for his lack of self-importance.  The other, a ‘son of the manse’, exhibited some traits of the aristocratic class of his time

Above  Left:  Malcolm Macdonald British High Commissioner for Canada.   
Right : John Buchan (Lord Tweedsmuir)   Governor General of Canada.

Malcolm MacDonald who had been a Minister in pre-war and wartime British Governments also held a number of Governship positions in Africa, Asia and the Far East, but  would not accept any of the titles that were offered to him.  The Foreign and Colonial offices tried to persuade him to accept a knighthood or lordship on the grounds that huge important countries like India and Canada would not be impressed by a plain “Mr.”.  Well, plain Mr. MacDonald was not impressed with the argument!   By all accounts he performed well in each of the positions he held, and went on to undertake substantial preparatory work for the process of de-colonisation that was beginning after the war.  The books he wrote mostly concern his experiences in the countries he helped to govern in south Asia and Africa

John Buchan was 26 years older than MacDonald.  He saw service in the first world war, and like many writers of espionage tales, was for periods involved in intelligence work.  He was a “son of the manse” as we say in Scotland of those whose fathers were Church of Scotland ministers.  Had he not held high public office, Buchan would still have been very famous for his novels.  But being Governor General of Canada added to his reputation, and at one time his picture appeared on the front cover of Time magazine.

But for me, it is the novels he wrote that reveal the more fascinating side to the man.  They are strange books in some ways, - perhaps a bit like the novels of Jeffrey Archer.  They are replete with the most unbelievable coincidences, - so bizarre and unlikely, that you almost shake your head in disbelief and laughter at them.  Yet, - there is something about his simple tales of political intrigue and adventure, - that once you start reading, you cannot stop till you reach the final page.  At least that is how it is for me.  Yet the stories, like The 39 Steps, Greenmantle, Island of Sheep, Mr Standfast, and Prester John, also say something about Lord Tweedsmuir’s personal attitudes.  He often wrote in the first person, and you get glimpses of an attitude towards foreign countries, union workers, social classes, and the status quo, that is decidedly and self-righteously bourgeois.  So one could not conceive a greater contrast with Mr Malcolm MacDonald, the son of Britain’s first Labour Prime Minister! Yet I was reliably informed by a grand-daughter of Ramsay MacDonald’s, and niece of Malcolm, that the two got on extremely well, with Lord Tweedsmuir showing Malcolm much friendship and respect. 

Canada even had a mountain named after Ramsay MacDonald’s eldest daughter in 1956. The magnificent Mount Ishbel lies in the part of the Rocky Mountain range within Banff National Park, in Alberta. The view of Mount Ishbel below is as it appears from the Bow Valley Parkway.

Canada today still remains a young man’s (or young woman’s) country.  It is fresh, clean, friendly, and has enormous wide-open spaces.  During my time there you could drive along the Trans Canada highway for hours, and see very few other vehicles.  The vast forests and prairies, the magnificent Rocky Mountains, the rugged east coast and the scenic Pacific coast, - all combine to make Canada one of the most beautiful and environmentally pleasant countries in the world.  If Canada has a drawback, it is the severely cold winter residents must endure.  The low temperatures are experienced mainly in central, mid-west and maritimes Canada, but to a lesser degree along the Pacific coast.  I have known several British immigrants who loved their new adopted land, but who had increasing difficulty in enduring the long cold winters as they grew older.

The ethnic mix in Canada has changed enormously in the past few decades, mainly due to enormous immigration into British Columbia from the Far East and south Asia.  Rather like Honolulu, but to a greater degree, Vancouver has become an ethnically ‘Asian city’.  In the past 300 years, English people dominated in most provinces, with French in Quebec and New Brunswick, and patches of Scots in Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia.  Italian and German immigrants have gravitated to Ontario, and there are smaller groups of Caribbean people in the east of the country.

Canada suffers a bit as the ‘little brother’ to the big USA, and is regularly treated so by American administrations.  They want its fresh water, its oil and gas, and its markets for the products of America’s huge industries.  But the relationship often appears to be much too one-sided for most Canadians, and in this they are probably correct.  As I have opined elsewhere, the United States believes in free trade only when it suits her.  When the trade is seen as damaging to U.S. domestic interests they do not hesitate to twist the rules.  Political pressures are also put on Canada to support US foreign policies, but for the most part the country has been able to resist them.

What better to end my scattered thoughts and recollections on the magnificent land of Canada, than with a few verses from the pen of Robert Service:

                        I am the land that listens, I am the land that broods;
                        Steeped in eternal beauty, crystalline waters and woods.
                        Long have I waited lonely, shunned as a thing accursed,
                        Monstrous, moody, pathetic, the last of the lands and the first;
                        Visioning camp-fires at twilight, sad with a longing forlorn,
                        Feeling my womb o’er-pregnant with the seed of cities unborn.

                        Wild and wide are my borders, stern as death is my sway,
                        And I wait for the men who will win me - -
                                    and I will not be won in a day.
                        And I will not be won by weaklings, subtle, suave and mild,
                        But by men with the hearts of Vikings,
                                    and the simple faith of a child;

                        Dreaming of men who will bless me, of women esteeming me good,
                        Of children born in my borders, of radiant motherhood,
                        Of cities leaping to stature, of fame like a flag unfurled,
                        As I pour the tide of my riches in the eager lap of the world. 

                                                            Robert Service             The Law of the Yukon