The principal proprietor in Bute is The Most Noble the Marquis of Bute, K.T. Mr Thomas Russell owns the estate of Ascog; a portion of the island belongs to the burgh of Rothesay, and there are also one or two other smaller proprietors. There are few parts of Scotland in which the relationships of landlord and tenant are so creditable and pleasant. Since the noble family of Stuart obtained possession of the island in 1318, Bute has ever been a favourite residence of the representatives of the house.

It was stated by the present bearer of the title, when fourteen years of age, that his desire was that all his tenants should sit easy, and in every instance when it has been necessary for his desires to be consulted, the same spirit of anxious solicitude for the good of his tenantry has shown itself. The widows of farmers who have proved themselves unequal to the task of managing their husband's businesses have been invariably pensioned, and it has been a rule of the estate for many years that on expiry of leases no farms should be advertised unless the tenant wishes to quit. All draining for the last eighteen years has been executed at the landlord's expense, the tenant paying 5 per cent. on his outlay. The steadings on the island are commodious and in excellent repair, in which state they are maintained by the landlord. Old tenants invariably have the first offer of farms to let, and no farm is ever offered to the public unless the former tenant is retiring from the business. On formally requesting it, permission is given to all tenants to trap or snare rabbits on their holdings.

Besides treating their tenantry in this liberal manner, the landowners in Bute have done much in the way of presenting gifts to, and carrying out works of utility and interest in, the burgh of Rothesay, to make that favourite watering-place even more popular than it has been, and of course the greater the number of visitors to Rothesay the brisker the demand for dairy produce. The Marquis has renovated the old castle of Rothesay at great expense, and the munificent gifts to the burgh of the late A. B. Stewart of Ascog Hall, and of Thomas Russell of Ascog, should not be forgotten by those who derive considerable benefit from the great influx of Glasgow visitors during summer.

In addition to many other premiums a grant of £20 is annually made to the funds of the Farmers' Society out of the exchequer of the Bute estate office, and for several years, through the instrumentality of the late Mr Henry Stuart, a silver cup was competed for, which was eventually to become the property of the tenant on the Bute estate who should twice be adjudicated to have the best managed farm. This cup was awarded in 1867 to the late Mr Alexander Hunter, Mid St Colmac; in 1868, to Mr James Duncan, Culivine; and in 1872 to Mr Robert M'Allister, Mid Ascog, who, having again been awarded it in 1875, now holds it in possession.

Burgh of Rothesay.

As the onward progress of industry in the island of Bute is intimately connected with the wellbeing of the burgh of Rothesay, a few particulars regarding the latter may not inaptly find a place here.

Rothesay is situated on the east side of the island, and has a population of well-nigh 8000 inhabitants. A considerable amount of trade was until recently carried on in the town, and a plentiful water-supply, suitable for use as a motive power, peculiarly adapted it as a centre for carrying on the business of cotton-spinning. One of the first cotton-spinning mills in Scotland was erected in 1780 on a site adjacent to the "lade" which runs from Loch Fad, nearly opposite to the present Ladeside Mill. The incipient stages of this industry were nothing very wonderful, but in course of time more extensive works were erected, and the business was prosecuted for about fifty years with tolerable success, until the dearth in cotton, caused by the American civil war and several concurrent causes, brought about the stoppage of the works, which have never been re-opened, and are indeed now partially demolished.

The weaving trade was once represented in Rothesay by three mills, but about eight years ago the Vennel Factory suspended operations, and within the last two years the Broadcroft Factory has followed its example, so that there is now only the Ladeside Mill working. Various causes might be assigned for the cessation of this industry, but the chief are perhaps the isolated position of the town and the great improvements recently effected in the style of machinery, against which less modern machinery is not able to compete.

The general adaptation of steam-power to shipping dealt a severe blow to the timber shipbuilding trade, which was carried on in Rothesay with great success for a long period of years. This business latterly was represented by two firms engaged in separate branches of the trade; the "Town Yard" dealing specially in those small vessels of from 100 to 150 tons register, known as "Coasters," while the "Ardbeg Yard" was chiefly employed in the building of fishing-smacks. The failure of the west coast herring fishing during the past ten years has, however, ruined this branch of the trade; and although the building of the coaster class of vessels might have been persevered in, the compulsory removal of the "Town Yard," some few years ago, to make room for the esplanade, has extinguished that branch also.

But notwithstanding the collapse of these industries, the prosperity of the town has not to any extent been impaired. Rothesay, it is well known, is a favourite summer resort of the Glasgow folks; large numbers of them flock to it yearly in quest of health and recreation, and this has been a means of great advantage and prosperity to the whole town and island. Many trades and interests have been fostered and advanced by it, and amongst these, as may naturally be supposed, the agricultural interest has come in for its due share of advantage. As it is with this interest that we are chiefly concerned, we will now proceed to remark more particularly upon it, making in the first place some few observations on soil and climate.

Soil and Climate.

The characteristics of the soil in Bute vary greatly. On the east side of the island it is of a sharp gravelly nature, and rests on a substratum of red sandstone. Going north along the west side of Port-Bannatyne or Kames Bay, the land lies very steep, and with the exception of the fields along the shore, where the soil is deeper, and the subsoil a gravelly clay or slate, the whole of the ground is thin, and rests on a subsoil of red till. Passing through the valley from Bannatyne Bay to Ettrick Bay, the soil is still gravelly, but is much deeper, and large patches of loam are to be found. The deepest soil in the island lies along the Bay of Ettrick, where there is a depth of about 3 feet of earth, and a bed of gravel lying under. Fifty years ago this was a huge marsh, and a bed of moss still runs along the greater part of the farm of Mid St Colmac. In the valley of Glenmore, large patches of deep moss and loam are scattered over the fields, and a turnip crop has been grown in this year (1880), in this glen, which will compare favourably with any in the island.

In the Commermenoch district, comprising the farms of Larichorig, Baluachrach, Dunalunt, and Balichrach, the soil will be found to be representative of all the different kinds of soil in the island. The farm of Balichrach is admitted to be the most regular crop-producing farm in the island, and on Ballycurrie, the soil is light, free, and very easily wrought. In Kingarth, especially along the valley from Scalpsie Bay to Kilchattan Bay, there is also great variety of soil; on the higher grounds it is of a till and clay formation, and therefore poor, but in the straths light sandy soil prevails, and an occasional depth of good loam is met with.

Bute has been so long famed for its salubrious climate that little need be said on the subject. Frost seldom continues long, and is never very severe; and snow lies a very short time even in the worst seasons. The salubrity of the island is so well known that Rothesay has been called the "Montpelier of Scotland." There are two very extensive hydropathic establishments, well-frequented—one at Rothesay, and the other at Port-Bannatyne.

The following figures give the rainfall over a period of years, as measured near Rothesay:—

Comparing these figures with the returns made for other parts of Scotland, we find that in 1855 the average rainfall in Bute was 34.50; in Dumfriesshire, it was 35.63; in Midlothian, 21.43; in Strathearn, Perthshire, 19.20 inches. In 1870, Bute rainfall averaged 38.10; in 1876, 56.314; in 1877, 68,597; and in 1878, 42.416 inches; whereas the gauge at Dunrobin Castle, in Sutherlandshire, gives the following measurements for the same years, viz:—1870, 26.75; 1876, 34.62; 1877, 41.65; 1878, 34.36 inches. The results of this comparison prove that the moisture of Bute is about the same as that of Dumfriesshire, and that it is very much greater than the moisture of Sutherlandshire. To take a particular point in each of the two first-named counties, the rainfall in the town of Moffat measured, in 1855, 35.60, and the rainfall in Rothesay measured in the same year, 34.50 inches. These figures speak for themselves, and give a very good idea of the general nature of the climate of Bute.

Retrospective Glance at the state of Agriculture prior to 1850.

From a valuable "History of Bute" written by Mr John Blain (who for sixty years previous to 1820 was intimately connected with the island), and recently published by Mr Harvey, Rothesay, very full particulars of the agriculture of Bute at the beginning of this century can be obtained. It appears that about 1748 the Earl of Bute introduced farmers from the mainland, in the expectation that the natives would be induced to adopt their system of farming. The introduction of these strangers did not, however, have such a beneficial effect as was expected, and the landlord soon tried other experiments to improve the condition of his tenantry. Nineteen years leases were granted, and all rents were converted into money payments. In the low state of farming pursued at that time many more cattle were kept than the holdings would maintain, and the horses were of such inferior quality that six of them were employed to draw the wooden plough then used. Black cattle were general throughout the island, and were an ill-conditioned bad-milking breed. It was one of the conditions of these new leases that the stocks should be reduced, and for this purpose a public fair was appointed to be held at Rothesay for the sale of the surplus stock, of which fair the following extract from the "Glasgow Journal," of 16th April 1765, is an advertisement:-—

"At Rothesay, in Bute, upon 28th May next, there will be held a market of black cattle, sheep, and horses; the market, to continue till all are sold off. As most of the tenants in the island are obliged by their tacks to dispose of a third of their stock against Whitsunday next, it is expected there will be a great, number of cattle there.

"For the convenience of merchants, boats will attend at Rothesay, and likewise at Scoulag Burn-foot, for carrying off the-cattle sold, either to Largs, or anywhere up the river, freight free."

While the Earl was thus trying to improve the condition of the stocks by causing fewer animals to be kept, he also offered: "a variety of premiums, such as, for the best bulls, for the best dairy produce, for the greatest quantity of butter and cheese produced by a given number of cows, for well-compounded compost dung-hills, and a certain sum per acre for waste land brought under cultivation." A Suffolk stallion was kept for the,-use of the farmers' mares, and no fees were charged for his service, and many other important improvements were promoted, by this patriotic nobleman.

In 1805 or thereby his successor, following in his footsteps, and actuated by the same laudable motives, sent, at his own expense, half-a-dozen farmers' sons, bred on the island, to. be educated by a Mr Walker, on the farm of Rutherford, near Kelso, and instructed in the most approved systems of agriculture then pursued in Roxburghshire. On their way east these young men passed through the country from Glasgow to Edinburgh and from Edinburgh to Kelso on foot, and were thus enabled to obtain a good general view of the whole agriculture of the counties along their route. The curriculum through which these students passed lasted for two years, at the end of which time they returned to Bute, and were furnished with farms on the estate of the marquis at reasonable rents. Their improved mode of farming, and intelligent application of scientific principles, so far as then known, to the cultivation of the soil, excited the interest of their neighbours, and a generous spirit of rivalry was engendered, which tended to bring about a remarkable change for the better in the condition both of the farmers and of the land. As this fact seems to have been overlooked in all former agricultural accounts of the island, no apology is necessary for here inserting the names of several of the gentlemen who were the principal agents in effecting this change. They included Mr James Jamieson, who became tenant of Ambrismore; Mr Charles Stewart, afterwards of Ardroscadale; Mr John Duncan, the tenant of Meikle Kilchattan; Mr George M'Phee, North Inchmarnock; and Mr A. M'Intyre, Dunalunt.

The next most important event in the early part of this century, and one which has exercised an immense influence in improving the agriculture of Bute, was the institution of the Bute Farmers' Society. The idea of such an association was first mooted at a meeting of the inhabitants of the island, held in the early part of the year 1806, over which Mr John Blain presided, and at which he delivered an address on the state of agriculture, which is given in extenso at pages 274-283 of the history referred to,—an address remarkable alike for its breadth of view, its fearless denunciation of abuses, and its judicious recommendation of reforms.

The first object contemplated by the promoters of this institution was discussion on agricultural topics, but in 1807, at their March meeting, we find them making arrangements for holding a ploughing-match, and settling the amount of premium to be offered respectively for the best stallion and the best bull for breeding purposes. At the first ploughing-match ever held in the island, that in March 1806, premiums were offered by the Marquis of Bute, and twenty-six two-horse ploughs competed, each being provided with a driver in addition to the ploughman proper, but at the match held under the auspices of the Society a year later, drivers were dispensed with, and thirty-four ploughs appeared on the ground.

These ploughing-matches were in course of time discontinued, it being considered that the object they had in view had been attained, but premiums continued to be offered for the best fields of turnips, the most successful crops of artificial grasses, improvements in the breed of cattle, the best kept hedges, and the best regulated farms.

At what time this budding society, which was technically known as the Bute Agricultural Society, ceased to exist, it is difficult to determine; its last published minute is dated the 16th March 1807, but that it had been defunct for some time prior to 1820 is clear from the fact that in 1821, Mr Samuel Girdwood, then in Kerrylamont, proposed to revive the ploughing-match, and was empowered by the farmers to collect subscriptions, and to call a general meeting of the tenantry so soon as he had collected a sum sufficient to pay adequate premiums to competitors. This scheme proved successful, and the next development of the renewed agricultural enterprise took shape on the 3d day of February 1825, when a meeting was held in Rothesay of persons friendly to the institution of a Farmer's Society. The result of this meeting was that the Society which still exists was founded, having for its object the promotion of agricultural improvement in all its branches, to be attained by the granting of premiums, the formation of a library, and the holding of meetings for discussions on agricultural topics. This Society has done very much towards the furtherance of agriculture. By the premiums offered for dairy cows of pure breeding and good milking qualities it has fostered dairy-farming, till it is now almost in as flourishing a condition as could be desired. By the introduction of good Clydesdale stallions it has enhanced the value of the draught horses, and by its premiums for the best fields of turnips, &c, it has greatly increased the profitableness of green-cropping in the island.

Modern Farming.

As Lord Bute may be said to have been the principal agent in abolishing the last remnants of primitive farming, and Mr John Blain may be said to have been the forerunner of scientific farming, so the honour of being the inaugurator of the modern era in Bute farming must be awarded to Mr Samuel Girdwood. This gentleman about forty years ago held the offices of steward to Lord Bute and secretary of the Farmers' Society, and was also tenant of the farm of Kerrylamont in Kingarth. He was a man of more than average intelligence, of great force of character, and possessed of unbounded enthusiasm in the furtherance of a favourite pursuit. His tombstone in Rothesay churchyard tells us, that he was for forty years connected with the estate of the Marquis of Bute; "distinguished by fidelity in his trust, ability, skill, and success in the discharge of his duties, and zeal for the public interest." Under his fostering care the Society progressed wonderfully, and by the introduction of furrow drains and the system of liming, the reclamation of waste lands was vigorously prosecuted. Through his instrumentality, a lime-kiln was established at Kilchattan Bay, and the limestone found in the island was there burned and utilized, and a premium was offered by Lord Bute for the best heap of composite manure, i.e., of farmyard manure, mixed with such waste as the sweepings of the farmyard, and the "scouring" of the roadside drains, &c. On the farm of Kerrylamont he carried on various experiments, the results of which, when successful, were communicated to the farmers. In order to facilitate interchange of opinions by practical men on agricultural questions, Mr Girdwood, in conjunction with Mr Alexander Anderson, the first letterpress printer in Rothesay, issued, on the 26th November 1839, the first number of the "Bute Record of Rural Affairs," a publication which continued to be issued regularly until January 1846, and which in its republished form (1860) furnishes an excellent reference work to the student of agricultural progress in Bute.

Having thus brought the review of the agriculture of Bute prior to the period on which we are asked to report to a close, we now proceed to give somewhat in detail particulars of farming operations during the past twenty-five or thirty years.

The system of farming differs little if at all from that commonly pursued in the west of Scotland. The rotation of crops at, and some time previous to the commencement of the period reported on, was what is known as a seven years' shift, i.e., the ground lay three years in pasture, and four under crop, but for the last twenty years or more a six years' shift was substituted; in all the new leases, however, the seven years' shift has again been reverted to. The land lies under pasture for three years ; it is then broken up by the plough, and the fourth year an oat crop is sown; the fifth year it is green cropped; the sixth year it is sown down with oats or barley and rye-grass and clover seed; and the seventh year a crop of rye-grass and clover is taken off. No two white crops are allowed to be taken off in succession without the consent of the landlord.

Taking these crops in the order of their rotation we are first called upon to give a few particulars of the

Oat Crop.

The established custom for the last fiftyyears has been to import for seed purposes Midlothian "potato" and "sandy" oats from the Edinburgh markets. On the higher lands, where the ground is shallow, and of a heavy clayey nature, "sandy" oats are invariably sown, and on the deeper and more fertile lands scarcely any but "potato" oats are produced. "Hamilton" oats are found to grow admirably on the light soils of Kilchattan Bay, and weigh about 42 lbs. per bushel. The land is broken out of grass during January and February, and sowing is begun in April, and thought to be completed in good time when the seed is all in by the 20th of that month. In the north-east of Bute damage is often done to the growing crop during the month of June by gales of east wind, which shake the grain when in flower, and although the bulk of straw is often very great, the result of thrashing is many times disappointing. The crops are generally first harvested in North Bute,—not that the soil there is capable of raising earlier crops than the soil in Kingarth, but the farmers on the east side of the island give all their attention in the early part of spring to the potato crop, whereas generally throughout the rest of the island the farmers give equal attention to white and green crops. The reaping-machine is now, and has been for many years, in use on almost every farm in Bute, and very few acres are now cut with the scythe or hook, and these only when the crop has been much flattened by the storms. The first who introduced a successful reaping-machine was Mr John M'Dougall, the tenant of Kerrytonlia who purchased one of Jack's reapers about twenty or twenty-five years ago. A very few acres may occasionally be let to Irish reapers by the acre but this mode of harvesting is now nearly obsolete. The hands necessary for the management of the farm during the year are usually equal to the extra demands of harvest time, but if additional workers are necessary they can easily be procured in Rothesay.

The average produce of oats per acre in 1855 was 32 bushels, and the average of fiars prices for the seven years ending 1856. was 23s. 6|d.; the average produce per acre in 1880 will be about the same as in 1855, and the average of fiars prices for seven years ending 1876 was 24s. 6 11/12d. per imperial quarter. Over a period of years the bushel of oats will weigh on an average about 40 lbs. and when ground a 6 bushel bag of oats usually yields 140 lbs. of meal. The habits of the people of Bute have greatly changed during the past twelve or fifteen years, and whilst formerly a large proportion of grain was ground into oatmeal, now only a very small proportion of it is devoted to this use.

Green-Cropping—Potatoes and Turnips.

The early history of green-cropping in Bute is interesting and instructive. As we have seen, the chief proprietor early gave tangible proof of his interest in the improvement of agriculture, and the Highland and Agricultural Society, as well as the local Farmers' Society, later on, did something to encourage the growth of green-crops. The National Society, in 1851 and 1852, and in several following years, offered premiums for the best managed green crop in the island, and in 1868 a premium was offered by the agent for the best 2 acres of turnips and potatoes grown with Goulding's manures. The Highland Society's medals fell to the lot of the tenant of Mid Ascog in 1851, 1852, 1854, and 1855, and the premium offered by Goulding was also awarded to him. Prizes of a like nature were awarded on different occasions by other donors, and the competitions for them did much to make the farmers bestow increased care on these important crops.

For many years Bute has been known as one of the earliest places in the west of Scotland for the growth of potatoes. These favourite roots grow well on the sharp gravelly soil of Kilchattan Bay and Kingarth, and the farmers in that district vie with each other in sending the earliest potatoes to the Glasgow market. In the spring time potatoes used to become rather a scarce commodity in Bute, but the advent of the "Champion" potato has somewhat obviated the danger of a local famine of these vegetables. "Bed Bogs" is the principal variety planted for sale in the early markets. The average price of early potatoes is about £18 per acre; although in Kilchattan Bay from £20 to £24 have been obtained in an exceptionally good season. The buyer digs the crop, and the farmer drives to the place of shipment free of charge. On some of the shore farms the stubble is during winter covered with seaweed, but in general it is ploughed down or grubbed about Martinmas, and again ploughed in February. Potatoes for early sale are planted as soon as possible after the end of February. The width of potato drill is from 25 to 26 inches, the latter figure being the standard. The crop is in most cases sold to dealers from Glasgow, and the frequent communication between Bute and the mainland—steamers sailing hourly during summer, —admits of the crop being lifted and transported to Glasgow in a very short time.

In the extreme northern portions of the island and in the more exposed situations, potatoes are only grown in quantity sufficient to supply the wants of the family. On one of the farms in Kingarth, in 1880, a fair crop of barley has been raised on a field on which a crop of early potatoes was grown. The potatoes were lifted about the middle of June, and the barley was sown on the 26th and 30th of the same month. This is rather an unusual proceeding (rape-seed being generally sown on the potato ground), and its success will be watched with interest.

Turnips.

The growing of these favourite feeding-roots forms a large part of the agriculture of Bute. Turnips were first introduced into Bute by Mr Knox, then tenant of Kerrylamont, in 1800.

The sorts now in most common use are purple top Swedish and green top yellow, and about one-half of the breadth under turnip crops is sown with the former, and the other half with the latter variety. As a rule the whole produce of the crop is consumed by the stocks on the farms, but a good exportation trade is carried on by some of the farmers. The turnips are shipped in bulk, and sold in Glasgow and Greenock.

The average width of turnip drill is 27 inches. In the south end of Bute the turnip crop has—since the growing of early potatoes assumed its present important position—been chiefly grown with artificial manures, as the farmyard clung is all required for the earlier crop. In North Bute and Commermenoch, where less attention is given to the early potatoes, an effort is made to sow the crop on manure formed of an equal proportion of byre and stable manure and artificial stuffs. Generally it may be said that the farmers are now using more ground bones than formerly, and within the last few years it has become necessary to use a good deal more town manure, and on one farm in Kingarth, in the winter of 1879, upwards of 400 tons have been spread.

For the storage of the turnip crop during winter different plans are adopted. On the eastern side of the island the produce of two drills is gathered into one furrow, and covered over by the plough. On the western side the turnips are only taken out of the ground as they are needed, the earth being put up to them at the beginning of the winter. The system, so successfully carried out in Dumfriesshire, of feeding sheep on the growing crop, has been tried in Bute, but on account of the moistness of the climate it was found very unprofitable, and the practice has been discontinued.

The average yield of turnips per acre in 1855 was 15 tons 11 cwts; the average yield of Swedish turnips in 1870, about 18 tons; and of yellow, 14 tons. For thinning turnips the services of female workers can be secured at about 2s. per day, and of male workers at about 2s. 6d. per day; in both cases without food.

Summing up the report on green-cropping, it must be said that the most unprofitable branch of farming during the last ten years has been the growing of early potatoes, and those farmers who have bestowed more attention on the turnip crop are to-day better off than the others, and their farms are in much better condition. Turnips leave the soil in much better condition for the growth of the next crop, and one can easily distinguish by the appearance of the white crop whether it has been sown on potato or on turnip ground.

Barley.

Up to within a recent period wheat was extensively grown in Bute. About the time of the Crimean War white wheat was grown, and was the most successful and most profitable crop raised in the island. Seasons were then very favourable, prices were high, and on one of the most northerly farms the average of 48 bushels per acre was realised on a field of 10 acres. Barley, however, has for the last twenty years more or less been increasingly cultivated, and, as a result, has now almost entirely supplanted wheat. The reason for this change of crop has chiefly been this: the ready market which is found for barley in the distilling districts of Campbeltown and Islay, and the increasing foreign supplies of wheat, which have rendered it more profitable to grow barley. The change of crop has also proved beneficial in another way: it has tended to the good of the soil, because barley keeps the ground much cleaner, and does not take so much of the strength out of it as wheat.

The red land alone is sown with barley; indeed, it may be said that, with the exception of the moorland farms, all the sown-down land is cropped with it. The variety sown is in general that known as common barley, although in the north end, and wherever the land is strong and in good condition, the farmers prefer the "Chevalier" sort, as it is the more profitable.

Experience has taught the farmers in Bute that home-grown barley is ill-adapted for seed purposes, and consequently all the seed is brought from Midlothian. The heads of the home-grown seed become black, and the yield is not up to what might be expected. The Midlothian grain usually weighs about 56 lbs. per bushel, and the average weight per bushel of the barley crop is from 52 to 54 lbs. Barley harvest in a fairly good season begins about the 15th of August, and the crop in the south end is commonly hutted in the fields, and thrashed off the huts by the large thrashing mills, two of which travel the island in circuit. In the north end the crop is stacked in long stacks placed four abreast, and containing about twenty cartloads a-piece. The mill stands between the two inner stacks, and the tops being taken off these, the sheaves from the outer stacks are forked on to them, and from them on to the machine. The outer stacks being thus disposed of, the sheaves of the inner are then passed through the mill. The barley straw on being thrashed is stored in long square stacks, and is used during winter in various ways. Some of it is cut into chaff, steamed, and mixed with meal and turnips for feeding purposes; the rest of it is used for "litter," and a little of it for thatch.

Rye-grass.

When land in Bute was newly reclaimed great quantities of rye-grass seed were ripened and sold for exportation. At that time the ripening of rye-grass seed was one of the features of Bute farming. Sometimes the yield per acre has been known to be as high as 6 quarters. In 1853 the Highland and Agricultural Society's medal awarded for the best sample of perennial rye-grass seed grown in Scotland, was gained by Mr James Duncan, Rhubodach; and in 1854 the same medal was gained by Mr John Stewart, Baluachrach, in Commermenoch district. The average yield per acre will not now be more than 2 quarters; the great majority of the farmers cut their hay green and winnow it, and the ripening of it is only permitted on such farms as are best suited for the process, when the crop is exceptionally clean. The weight per bushel of this season's (1880) rye-grass seed averages from 23 lbs. to 28 lbs., and the price realised for it is from 1s. to 1s. 3d. less per boll of 4 bushels than the price of that sampled in Ayrshire.

Eye-grass seed is invariably mixed with clover, and the second growth of clover in a season such as 1880 could hardly be matched in any part of Scotland. On Mid Ascog and Colmac this season (1880) there has been a crop of great bulk, which has been winnowed and stored for fodder.

Cattle and Dairy-farming.

The native breed of cattle in Bute, which were presumably of Highland origin, although many of them were polled, have long-been superseded by the Ayrshires. Dairy-farming is one of the principal departments of the rural economy of the island, and as the demand for dairy produce increased, so it became the interest of the farmers to meet it by improving their herds, and increasing the milking qualities of their cows. We are able with tolerable certainty to establish the date when the first Ayrshires were introduced. The earliest occasion on which a prize was specially awarded at the annual show for Ayrshire cows was in 1830, but the breed had been in the island fully a quarter of a century before that date. Among the first, if not the very first, to introduce Ayrshires, was Mr Thomas Stevenson, who in 1803 came from Neilston, in Renfrewshire; to the farm of Edinmore, and brought with him a number of Ayrshire calves, which were brought over by ferry from Largs to Scoulag, and were then travelled across the island to the west side, near Colmac. Mr William Barr also came from Ayrshire about the same time, and brought with him a small stock of the breed of his native county. These gentlemen were followed soon after by Mr Johnstone, the father of the present tenant of West St Colmac, who came from West Kilbride, Ayrshire, in 1809, and by Mr Robert Hunter, Mid St Colmac, also an Ayrshire man, both of whom brought herds of pure bred Ayrshires with them. The cattle brought in by these strangers must have soon commended themselves to the natives, because we find that the Stewarts of Balichrach and Baluachrach, who are said to be a family resident in Bute for about three hundred years, have long had excellent herds of Ayrshire cows. The herd presently on the farm of Baluachrach or Upper Ardroscadale, was founded by the late Mr Robert Stewart in May 1833, from purchases made in the island. A bull was bought from the late Rev. Alexander M'Bride, minister of the parish, and afterwards of the Free Church, North Bute, which greatly improved the breed, and sires have been introduced from the mainland which have maintained its superiority. Mr Stewart was awarded the first prize, twenty years ago, for the best aged cow in milk, and also a silver medal as owner of the best six cows shown.

In 1856 a selection of Ayrshire cows was made from herds in Bute, and sent over to the Paris Exhibition as the joint adventure of several farmers. The cows were all sold at a good profit, and one selected from the herd of M.id Ascog, was awarded the bronze medal as one of the best cows in milk in the exhibition.

The Mid Ascog herd was founded aboutl850,withcowspurchased in the island, and its superior milking qualities were maintained by the use of bulls from the herd of Mr Murdoch, Carntyne, near Glasgow. Up to about 1870 only bulls from this herd were bought in, and during that period many of the leading prizes at the local show were awarded to Mr M'Allister, the tenant of Mid Ascog. From 1859 to 1880 scarcely a year has passed without his gaining medals for his Ayshires, and the trophies won by him can hardly be enumerated. After the Carntyne herd was dispersed bulls were purchased from the Burnhouses breed, and by the exercise of great care in mating sires and dams the excellency of the herd has been maintained.

The herd of Mid St Colmac, owned by the late Mr Alexander Hunter, and formed from stock brought from Ayrshire by him, was one which for many years upheld the credit of Bute dairy cows in show yards all over Scotland. After the death of Mr Robert Hunter the farm was carried on and the stock greatly improved by his son, and at his death a few years ago it was sold by public auction, and the prices realised were the highest ever obtained at a displenishing sale in Bute. The three-year-old queys drew very high prices, and three of them sold respectively at £33, £28, and £25 a-piece.

Several of the highest priced animals were purchased by the present tenant of the farm, and with the herd founded by his father, Mr James Simpson, on Largivrechtan about thirty-four years ago, they now form the magnificent herd of forty dairy cows on Mid St Colmac. The Largivrechtan herd was founded from purchases made in Ayrshire, and from cows purchased from Mr Lochhead, 'Toward, Argyllshire; the bulls have almost invariably been purchased from the tenant of Boydston, Ardrossan. One of these bulls was the sire of twenty prize animals, and several high priced cows have at times been added to the herd, including the famous cow "Joan," bred at Knockdon, and sold at the Auchendennan sale of Ayrshires some few years ago.

The Bute herd, however, which has come most to the front, in shows on the mainland in recent years is that of Meikle Kilchattan. This herd was founded fourteen years ago from purchases made in the island. Bulls have been used bred by Mr Scott, Plane Barm, Bute; Mr Ivie Campbell, Dalgig, New Cumnock; Mr Fleming, Castleton, Carmunnock; Mr Brown, Cartleburn, Kilwinning; and Mr Howie, Burnhouses. These were all good breeding sires, but the Cartleburn bull effected the greatest improvement in the breed.

As these dairies touched upon, are, with Balichrach, the most extensive in the island, the details of the way in which their quality has been maintained may serve as an indication of the general method of breeding Ayrshires followed in Bute. Queys are seldom or never bought in, but bulls almost invariably are. The quey calves are all kept to keep up the herds, but the bull calves, unless very promising, are sold as unfed veal to the butchers. As a rule the aged cows are not kept after they are ten years of age unless they have proved themselves to be extra valuable as breeders. Cows which calve in autumn sell at about £15 per head; those calving in spring draw from £12 to £14.

The produce of the Bute dairies is either sold as sweet milk or manufactured into fresh butter, for both of which there is an abundant demand in Rothesay, Port-Bannatyne, and Ascog. A good deal of fresh butter is also sent out of the island. A boat crosses from Kilchattan Bay to Millport with supplies of butter, and quantities are also sent to Dunoon. When the dairy trade began at first to develop itself in 1810, the milk was all sold skimmed; after a time a demand arose for mixed "skim" and. "sweet" milk, and again butter milk was in favour; but for many years sweet milk has been exclusively in demand. Cheese was somewhat extensively manufactured in former times. The writer of the " Statistical Account," in 1840, tells us that the "cheese then made was equal to the best Dunlop," but this remark does not now hold good. Bowing establishments are-very rare; the farmers generally sell the produce of their dairies without the intervention of any middle party, as by this means they receive about 2d. a pound more for their butter than they would by selling it wholesale to merchants in Rothesay. The first farmers who sold milk from carts in the streets of Rothesay, were Mr John Currie, then in Ardbeg, and Mr Thomas Stevenson, Ardmalish. Fresh butter sells out of Rothesay at about 1s. 5d. per lb. on an average, and fresh country eggs, sent from Bute at about 1s. per dozen. In Rothesay the consumer can purchase butter produced by the Bute dairies at about 3d. a lb. less than he-would pay in Dunoon or Helensburgh, as the supply in the island exceeds the demand.

The price of sweet milk, wholesale, is about 4d. per imperial pint; of fresh butter, wholesale, about 1s. 2d. per lb., retail, 1s. 4d. to 1s. 6d.

As there is not a market for all the butter milk churned in the island, for the last twenty years it has been usual for many of the farmers to make the sour milk into a curd for dye, which is sold to merchants in Glasgow. The milk after churning is put into a large vat, and a slow fire being put under, it is allowed to remain there for two days; at the end of that time, being now formed into a curd, it is taken out and put into a suspended bag, by which means the whey is allowed to drip out of it. It is afterwards taken clown, and put under a cheese-press for a time, and is then sent off to the Glasgow market. The price received for the curd is from 18s. to 20s. per cwt. which is about equal to three farthings a pint, or within a fraction of the price usually obtained for butter milk. The sour milk whey is mixed with meal, and forms excellent food for the pigs.

Sheep.

Sheep-farming is not very extensively followed in Bute. All the farms carrying pure bred stocks are in the north end, and the chief of them are Rhubodach, Kilmichael, Hilton, and Glenmore. The stocks carried on these hills are mixed flocks of blackfaced ewes and wethers. A little more than thirty years ago several of the farmers sold off their blackfaced sheep and bought in Cheviots, but it was found that the Border favourites were very unprofitable, and for the last twenty years there have been few or none of them in the island. An experiment was also tried on one of these farms with crossing blackfaced ewes with Leicester tups, but on account of the difficulty experienced in keeping up a blackfaced stock the experiment was abandoned. Thirty years ago the sheep on the Bute hills were very small and ill-conditioned, but, chiefly through the energy of Messrs Crawford and Duncan, the tenants of Kilmichael and Rhubodach, by the selection of good tups from the mainland, a great improvement has been effected in their quality. The tups in use are for the most part bought in from the flocks of Craigton, Milngavie, Foyer's, Knowehead; and Jardine's, Campsie.

The tups are generally let out with the ewes about the 20th November, and the lambing season extends from the middle of April to the middle of May. After going with their dams between three and four months the lambs are weaned, and about the middle of August all the tups and stock lambs are dipped with the usual compositions. The lambs are kept from their dams for about eight days, at the end of which time they are sent off to the hills again, and usually find their old quarters. At weaning time the weakest of the lambs are sold off to graziers, who winter them and sell them in the ensuing autumn as hoggs, to make up the stocks on farms where cross-bred lambs are reared.

Draining and Liming.

The first draining operations of any extent carried on in Bute were commenced more than fifty years ago by Mr Kirkman Finlay, who at that time was proprietor of the lands of St Colmac. The farm of West St Colmac was the first that was drained in Bute on the Deanston principle, and all the deep land on the level fields around Ettrick Bay were reclaimed from a state of unprofitableness. A drain plough was introduced by Mr Finlay, but it proved unworkable on account of the number of boulders buried in the marshes. There is double the extent of arable land in Colmac now that there was forty or fifty years ago, and what was then considered good arable land has been very much improved by lime and draining.

When Mr Samuel Girdwood began reclamation works on the Bute estate he encountered much opposition from the indifference of the farmers in seconding his efforts to improve the soil. He broke ground on the farms of Cranslagvourarty and Largivrechtan, but the tenants of those days were not able to see the force of all his blasting, digging, and draining labours. In their hands the dry patches on the hillsides were cultivated, but where-ever nature asserted her supremacy by the presence of whins and marshes, no efforts were made to battle against her. Whins, rocks, and brushwood were left to the freedom of their own will, and stagnant bogs remained untouched. Mr Girdwood succeeded in convincing the tenants that it was for their advantage to clear the land, and the result in the case of one of them at least was, that when he went out of the farm he went with something very like a fortune.

About thirty years ago it was customary for the proprietor to pay the tenant who broke new land a premium of £5 per acre, but he gave him no lime. On the farm of Kerrycroy, in Kingarth, upwards of 20 acres of waste land have been reclaimed during the past twenty or twenty-five years, and all the steep land lying along the hillside on the farm of Kilbride, in North Bute, has been

reclaimed within the same period. About ten years previous to that time 40 or 50 acres were taken in on the farm of Mid Ascog, and margins of moorland have throughout the island been reclaimed. Previous to the last eighteen years, when the land was much drained, farmers received half value in lime for the expense of draining done by them, but since that time they only receive half value for lime used in reclamation, and all drains are made by the landlord, the tenants paying 5 per cent. interest on the outlay. Much of the soil that has been drained is so thin, that in many cases the interest payable increases the rent so much that farming is made unprofitable both to landlord and tenant. There are tile works situated in the parish of Kingarth, from which drain-tiles can easily be obtained, and a lime-kiln, which many years ago was in operation, has again commenced burning the limestone found in the island. The farmers in the south end prefer Bute lime because it does not require shipping, but those in the north end find they are as cheap to use Irish lime, as in either case shipping has to be resorted to, and the quality of the Irish shells is much superior.

Ploughing and Manure.

The common single furrow plough is that most in use in Bute. The plough is in most cases drawn by two horses. Subsoil ploughing is seldom practised, but in general throughout the island there is no subsoil to plough. Stubble land is ploughed shortly before and after Martinmas; pasture land is broken about the beginning of January; and red land is turned over as near the time for barley sowing as possible.

Iron harrows are mostly, if not altogether, in use in the island, and chain harrows are also common. Grubbers and drill harrows of the usual kinds are generally in requisition, and some farmers grub the stubble land at Martinmas with the three-horse grubber instead of ploughing it.

Artificial manures have been greatly in use in Bute both for raising potatoes and turnips, but especially the former. Peruvian guano, ground bones, and within recent years "Blood" manure have been put into the soil, and the fact is, too many artificial stuffs have been employed, and now many of the farmers are importing large quantities of town manure from Greenock. Upwards of 800 tons of long and short town dung were put on farms in Kingarth in the winter of 1879, and this kind of manure is gradually supplanting the other. On land where much artificial manure has been used lime has not the same effect as it had when the land was reclaimed, and in many cases liming in recent years has not been remunerative. Long dung can be purchased in Greenock and laid on the fields in Bute for about 7s. per ton ; short dung or ashes for about 3s. per ton. If purchased in Rothesay long dung can be laid on the fields for 6s. a ton, and the police manure is given to the farmers for taking it away.

Pasturage.

The pasturage of Bute enjoys no great reputation, and purely pastoral farms are very scarce. Within recent years the tenant of Rhubodach, Kilmichael, and Bannatyne Mains, has maintained the last named farm as a grazing farm by top dressing with short dung and farmyard manure, mixed with lime and ground bones. Ayrshires, Highland bullocks, shorthorns, Galloways, and Canadian cattle are grazed on this farm, and fattened for the markets. The only other grazing of any extent is around the Mount Stuart policies, and it is let to farmers and others for grazing young stock.

Wages.

As in the rest of Scotland so in Bute the cost of working a farm has almost doubled, in respect of wages, within the last twenty years, and were it not that, with machinery in use for almost every purpose, fewer hands are required, it is difficult to conceive how farming could be carried on, rents also having increased so much until recently. Married ploughmen in Bute at present are receiving 18s. per week with a free house. Female servants, good milkers and field workers, boarded in the house, are paid from £8, 10s. to £9, and lads receive from £8 to £12, with board, per half-year; About twenty-five years ago the same class of women servants were receiving about £3, 10s., and lads about £5 per half-year with board and lodgings. Female field-workers employed thinning turnips in 1880 were paid 2s. a-day without rations, and the same workers in harvest time received 2s. a day with rations. Men employed during harvest time received from 6d. to 1s. a-day more than the women, with their rations, and full wages whether the weather was wet or dry. The wages of these workers in 1880 were just about double what they were in the years from 1855 to 1860.

GREATER CUMBRAE.

Having thus exhausted our information regarding the agriculture of Bute, a few particulars of the island of Cumbrae may best be inserted here before proceeding to write of the agriculture of Arran. Cumbrae has everything in common with Bute, but little or nothing in common with Arran. The island lies 4 miles east of Bute, and 2 miles west of Largs, in Ayrshire. It is 3½ miles in length from north-east to south-west; its breadth is 2 miles, and its circumference from 10 to 11 miles. According to the measurement of the last Ordnance Survey it contains 3120.597 acres.

The climate is agreeable, being less moist than the mainland or Arran, and very salubrious. The geological formations are whinstone, freestone, and limestone. The soil is varied; on the higher parts of the island it is light, gravelly and thin, bedded on moss, and covered with heath; in some of the valleys rich loam pervades, and produces good crops. Along the east coast it is light and sandy, and in the south of the island it abounds in marl.

The island is owned by the Marquis of Bute and the Earl of Glasgow. All the old part of Millport is built on Lord Bute's estate, which extends from Newton Bay across by Barbary Hill to Fintry Bay, and includes all the land between this line and the west coast; the rest of the island belongs to Lord Glasgow.

Along the north end of the island, on the farm of Port Boy,, great improvements have been effected within recent years by draining and liming. Good crops are raised on the new land, and wheat is very extensively grown. Early potatoes are cultivated with somewhat similar energy as in the east of Bute. Cumbrae potatoes, however, are about a fortnight later of being ready than those in the earliest parts of the sister island. On the top of the second terrace which rises on the west side there is some very deep land, and good crops of turnips are raised on it. Lime has not been very largely introduced into Cumbrae, but great quantities of sea-weed are spread on the fields.

All the farms on the island carry stocks of dairy cows numbering from 20 to 40. The milk is for the most part sold as sweet milk in Millport, where there is a brisk demand for it during summer. A few of the dairy-farmers churn, but not regularly, and one sends his milk to Glasgow.

The stocks on the farms are in good condition; there is only one sheep-farm in Cumbrae, and it carries a blackfaced stock of average quality. The horses are much the same as in Bute, and Ayrshire cows alone are kept for the dairies.

The burgh of Millport, situated at the south end of the island, is one of the best frequented watering-places on the Clyde. The influx of visitors during summer is very large, and communication between Glasgow and Millport is kept up six times a day by the steamers in connection with the Wemyss Bay Railway Company's trains.

The assessable rental of Millport in 1865, the year following that in which it was created a burgh, was £5,451; in 1870 it was £7,519; in 1872 it was £8,710; in 1875 it was £10,581; in 1877 it was £11,401; in 1880, it is £12,998. In fifteen years, it will be seen from these figures, it has more than doubled its rental, and there is every prospect of its progressing as rapidly in future. Leaving now the beautiful islands of Bute and Cumbrae, it only remains for us to add that, with the maintenance of the same cordial relationship between landlords and tenants, which has so long obtained, and the fostering of that spirit of enterprise which has actuated the labours of the farmers during the past twenty-five years, still further improvements may be made, and we have every confidence will be made, in agriculture and all other industries.

Arran.

The island of Arran lies about 8 miles south-west of Bute. It is about 20 miles long from north to south, and about 10 miles broad. It is divided into two parishes—Kilbride forming the eastern section of the island, and Kilmory the western. The northern part of it is crowded with lofty granitic mountains of & conical form, connected by sharp, serrated ridges, and intersected by deep gulleys and ravines. The highest point in the island is Goatfell, which is 2,900 feet high. The southern part of the island, which is geologically divided from the northern by a band of Old Red Sandstone, crossing the island from behind the village of Brodick, is formed of undulating hilly ground, sloping gently to the sea. The whole, with the exception of the small estate of Kilmichael, belongs to His Grace the Duke of Hamilton and Brandon, who, according to the "Parliamentary Return of Owners of Land in Scotland," furnished to the House of Commons in 1873, holds 102,210 acres in the county of Bute, the gross annual value of which then was £18,702. The Kilmichael estate consists, according to the same authority, of 3,632 acres, the value of which was £622.

The climate upon the whole is mild and moderate. Snow never lies very long; the heat in summer is not long very intense, and neither is the cold in winter. Rain falls copiously, and the prevailing winds are south and west. The soil varies greatly; one field may sometimes be found which contains patches of stiff clay, soft moss, and loam or gravel, or both mixed together. In many places along the shore, especially in the north end of the island, it is little else than granitic sand washed down from the mountains and driven back by the sea. In the more fertile regions loam is in most cases mixed with gravel, and interspersed with patches of moss. In Whiting Bay the soil is chiefly sharp the shingle resting on a subsoil of red till. The best land is in Southend and Shiskan on the west side of the island. The road to Lagg leads over the hills from Lamlash, and the road to Shiskan leads over the hills further north from Brodick.

The Holy Isle, lying in the entrance to Lamlash Bay, grazes a few sheep and goats, and the small patch of arable land at the north end of the island is now wrought on a regular rotation of crops. Pladda, lying a short distance off the Kildonan shore on the south end, is cultivated by the lighthouse keepers, and grows the usual garden and field seeds.

General Review of the Agriculture of Arran.

To report on the state of agriculture in Arran during the past thirty or forty years is a matter of considerable difficulty. There has been progress made, and there has been stagnation. The larger farmers have done much to improve their holdings, some of the smaller farmers have done a little, but many of them have done nothing. Little or no encouragement to improve land is given by the superior; game is preserved to an inordinate extent, and the smaller tenantry, especially in "Whiting Bay and Lochranza districts, combine the occupations of fishermen and farmers, and depend more on the letting of their houses to summer visitors than on the produce of the soil. When Dr M'Naughton wrote his "Statistical Account of the Parish of Kilbride," in 1840, he says: "In dairy-farming and the art of cultivation the smaller farmers have yet much to learn. They put little lime on their lands, neglect the cleaning and protection of their thorn fences, evade the rotation of crops laid down for them, when they can, and are not sufficiently alive to the advantages of green crops and sown grasses. Hence their fodder is scarce in winter, and their pasture defective in summer; their cattle a stinted breed, unproductive either for the dairy or the butcher."

These remarks have still considerable force. The smaller tenants do not attend sufficiently to the proper cultivation of their farms; many of them have cars which they hire in summer to the visitors, and occasionally they hang about the pierheads for hours in hope of securing hires, when they might be busily engaged working their plots of ground. Many of the farms are very small and would not support a family. When Dr M'Naughton wrote, there were in Kilbride parish, which forms the eastern half of the island, 208 farms of unequal size; 161 of these were let at rents less than £20 per annum each, 30 were let at rents exceeding £20 and under £40, the rents of 11 of them were more than £40 and less than £100, and only 6 tenants paid over £100 of rent each. Although in 1880 the number of these small farms is considerably less than it was in 1840, yet from King's Cross to Dippin, along the comparatively level land facing the southeast, there are still 52 tenants who will rank as farmers. Going round the south end of the island from Dippin the farms become somewhat larger, and several of them are of more than average size; but at Sliddery again, on the south-west side, there is another batch of small farms similar to those at Whiting Bay.

At Southend and Shiskan the farms are large, and the soil in many places will compare equally with the best land on the mainland. At Shiskan, on Balnacoole and surrounding holdings, mossy loam is found in great quantities, but on Sheddog and the farms near the shore the soil is mostly a fine friable clay, with a vein of gravel running through it,—easily wrought and raising good crops. The fields at Southend and Shiskan are level, and some of the farms present rather a "scattered" appearance. Agriculture at Lochranza is still carried on on very primitive principles, and the soil is bare and poor in the extreme. The men portion of the community combine the occupations of farmer and fisherman—two callings having little in common—and after the seed is sown they leave the island to prosecute the latter, and the women are entrusted with the management of the crops and stock. A wooden plough was seen in Lochranza not very many years ago, and a woman has been seen ploughing within the past few years. At Corrie, farming is conducted on the same principles as at Lochranza and Whiting Lay.

The greater portion of the arable land is divided into fields and farms, fenced off by thorn hedges. These grow well over the island, and when properly managed form excellent fences, but in the majority of cases no care is expended on them, and as a consequence they grow high and thin, and are useless. The stocks of the small farmers—horses, cows, sheep, and even pigs— have to be tethered to prevent their straying. Many of the very small farmers have no horses; others keep one each, and get the loan of each other's animal to assist in ploughing. In Whiting Bay one or two of these farmers keep horses for hiring purposes, and they plough the plots of their neighbours during winter.

The cows on these small farms are a very mixed breed. They are neither Ayrshires, West Highlanders, Arran cows, nor Irish cows ; they have the blood of all four in their veins. Irish bulls have been in use at Lamlash and Whiting Bay, so have Ayrshires, and so have West Highlanders. The natives were of course the Arran breed—lively, intelligent-looking little creatures, with black skins, small heads, bright eyes, and horns coming clean out of the head. They are still to be found in the northern district of the island, and weigh, when as fat as they can be made on the poor pasture, about 11,12, and sometimes as high as 14 stones of 24 lbs. each.

The horses in the island generally have greatly improved during the last thirty years, and this improvement has extended to those in possession of the small farmers. Many of them are of the hardy Highland breed—a type of horse well worth preserving, on account of the ease with which he can be kept, and his admirable adaptability to the requirements of a mountainous country; and the light-legged "gip" horse is in common use where car-hiring is engaged in. The famed breed of trotting-horses known as the "Douglas" breed has been represented in Arran at different times; and, in fact, the old "Douglas horse" himself was in the island for several years, and died at Balnacoole about thirty years ago. Some of the present day Arran horses show breeding after these sires, but, strange to say, almost all their produce were affected with "bog spavin," and other diseases of the legs. On the larger farms a greatly improved breed of horses is now kept, but these demand a section to themselves.

The breed of sheep on the smaller farms has also been improved since 1840; and indeed it is questionable whether the tenantry in the Lochranza district have not increased the size of their sheep too much for the bare pasture of that part of the island, because small, hardy sheep will thrive best on bleak hills.

Dr M'Naughton blamed the smaller farmers for evading the rotation of crops, and for neglecting liming and draining. Their culpability in this direction still continues. On some of the farms it would be difficult to say what rotation of crops is followed. One field contains patches of pasture, oats, potatoes, turnips, and ryegrass, and the same piece of land is broken almost every year. Wherever there is a better piece than another it will be turned over with the plough ; but, in truth, in Whiting Bay and Lochranza the great proportion of the soil will not give a return in its present state for any labour expended on it. At these places there is such a good demand for milk and butter during summer, that the plough is merely put into the land to keep up the semblance of cultivation, and to raise a few potatoes and fodder, and, as it causes much less labour and is more profitable than cultivating, cows are kept, and the fields allowed to lie in pasture.

However willing the smaller tenants might be to improve their farms, little or no inducement is offered for carrying on any effectual operations in the direction of draining and liming, seeing that the holdings are of such limited extent, and they themselves are merely tenants at will. In cases where there are fairly substantial houses attached to the holdings, the rents paid by these tenants average as high as £1 per acre; but in other cases, where the houses are none of the best and there is a stretch of moorland included in the holding, the rents will be as low as 5s. per acre, and in some cases less.

Previous to 1856 the hill around Whiting Bay was set apart as a common for the use of the tenantry, and each was allowed to put a certain number of sheep on it. Sometimes, however when the sheep were counted, it was found that those farmers who had capital had more stock on it than they were entitled to have, whilst the others had their quantity, or less. It was thus seen that injustice was being done, and in 1856, the late Duke of Hamilton erected a substantial wall between the low ground and the high ground, about 7 or 8 miles in length, and put on a stock of improved blackfaced sheep, and it is now let as a sheep-farm. There are still several of these commons in the north end of the island.

Other improvements suggested by the statistical writers in 1840, were, a road from Lochranza to Sannox, a bridge over Ashdale burn, and a good pier at Brodick, all of which were completed several years ago, but bridges over the rivers of North and. South Sannox, and good piers at Lamlash, Blackwater, and Lochranza are still awanting. There is a pier at Lamlash, but it is only accessible at high water, and the Campbeltown and Glasgow steamers touch at Lochranza, where a ferry-boat meets them every day in summer, and four times a week in winter, but there is no direct communication of any sort between the west side of the island and the mainland. All the produce from that quarter has to be carted over the hills to Brodick, where there is a splendid new pier, from which there is direct communication daily with Glasgow and the west coast during summer, and by the way of Ardrossan four times a week during winter, in addition to a goods steamer, which sails between Glasgow and Arran once a-week all the year round.

The roads throughout the island, although bearing little evidence of thought being expended on their first formation, are kept in. excellent repair at the joint expense of landlord and tenants. The smaller tenants are all bound to work six days of nine hours each, annually, and the larger tenants have to pay a certain amount in proportion to their rent, towards the upkeep of the roads. No part of Arran is now without a good road; but some of these roads are very steep, especially those that cross the island from side to side. Literally, almost, the traveller ascends the hills on all-fours, and tumbles down the other side head-foremost. The makers of the roads seemingly followed the line of the sheep-walks, and hence the peculiarly steep nature of many of them.

An old inhabitant may still be met with who remembers when there were few or no roads, and no wheeled carts in Arran;. when the ponies were a small diminutive breed—six or seven of them being necessary to draw the wooden plough then in use; and the produce of the soil was carried in "creels" slung on the ponies' backs. The old inhabitant of Arran can remember many things, amongst others, the time when a man might be seen holding the plough-handles, a woman led the ponies, and a boy or girl drove them. He can also remember when there were no steamers between Glasgow and Arran, and no Glasgow visitors to make a living off!

Reclamation of Waste Lands.

Having in the previous pages bestowed some little attention on a general review of agriculture in Arran, with special reference to the condition of the smaller tenants, it is now our duty to enter more fully into detail regarding the various improvements which have been effected within recent years on the larger farms.

Unquestionably great advances have been made in the cultivation of the soil during the past thirty or forty years. This is chiefly to be attributed to the introduction of farmers from the mainland, who have been attracted to the island by the cheapness of the rents, and the wide scope it affords for carrying out improvements. The native farmers eyed these intruders at first with jealousy, and even yet the Highlander affects to despise the Lowlander, though at the same time he attempts to imitate his modes of farming. The late Duke of Hamilton was once conversing with one of his tenants in the Shiskan district. His Grace remarked on the decadence of the Gaelic language in Arran, and inquired the tenant's opinion as to its cause. The sturdy Highlander made answer that it was all owing to the fact, that when a farm was vacant it was generally let to a stranger in preference to a native. Considering the way in which the natives in general appear to have farmed prior to 1840, it is little wonder that a landlord, anxious to improve his estate, should have preferred tenants possessed of the needful capital, and willing to exert themselves to increase the productiveness of the soil, instead of those whose only ambition was to live and die where they and their fathers were born.

Dr M'Naughton tells us that in 1840 improvements were being-pushed rapidly forward, and it was about that time that Mr James Allan, now of Clauchlands, and late of Baluacoole, the late Mr John Spiers, Benecarrigan, and others, commenced to drain and lime waste lands on a somewhat extensive scale.

When Mr Allan, senior, entered Balnacoole in 1839, it was impossible for a horse to be driven over every part of the farm, on account of the numbers of exhausted peat-bogs lying full of stagnant water. These "bogs" were first filled up with turf, and the surface made somewhat level, after which the fields were drained and limed. On account of the depth of the moss it was found impossible in many places to put down tile-drains, and moss-drains formed with cut turf were laid at first 4 feet deep, and three main drains were laid from 7 to 9 feet deep. These moss-drains ran clear a long time, but the mossy surface has now been wrought off, and the horses' feet when ploughing sink into the drains, consequently tile-drains have been relaid on the sandy subsoil. After being first drained, and until the moss had become firm, these patches were not ploughed, but "delved" with the spade, The land on Balnacoole lies very flat, and drains are difficult to keep clear, and in most cases have to be renewed every five or six years. Tile-drains were laid at first from 3 to 4 feet deep, but they required to be often lifted because of their frequently choking with iron ore water washed off the hills. To prevent this as much as possible, a plan was adopted of letting in a run of clear water from the ditches along the higher ends of the fields during summer, and this helped to carry away the foul matter accumulated in the tiles during the heavy rains of winter. Still the cost of lifting and relaying choked drains forms no inconsiderable portion of the expense of farming in Arran.

At the time of draining, all the land on Balnacoole was limed with Irish shells, from forty to forty-five barrels the imperial acre being put on. The cost of liming new land between 1840 and 1850 was about £4 per acre, including the spreading on the fields. Lime is still used on the same land, but in less quantities, not more than thirty-two or thirty-three barrels per imperial acre being now laid on.

When first brought under cultivation this land raised promising looking crops; there was great bulk of straw, but not the weight of grain one would have expected. Now, however, the ground is firmer, and the yield of both grain and straw is much better. Generally, it may be said that on account of the humidity of the climate the soil of Arran produces greater bulk of straw than weight of grain.

Improvements similar in nature to those described, were effected on the farm of Balmichael, bordering on Balnacoole; and many years previous, the farm of Sheddog, nearer the shore than Balnacoole, when in the hands of the proprieter, was greatly improved, and is now and has long been considered the best, as well as the best-cultivated holding in the island.

On the farm of Benecarrigan all the arable land east of the steading, above and below the Lamlash road, was broken out of moorland by the late Mr Spiers about twenty or twenty-five years ago. Tile-drains were laid through the fields at a distance of 21 feet apart, and from 3 to 3½ feet deep. The fields being steep there is a sufficient fall, and the leaders did not require to be laid any deeper than the branch drains. The mossy top-soil has now in many cases been wrought off, and when ploughing the drains are not above 6 inches from the hoofs of the horses. On the older arable portion of this farm, many of the drains, when first put in, were laid in the furrows between the gathered rigs, and not deeper than 18 inches, and consequently, where the soil of these rigs has been levelled down through ploughing, the drains are found very near the surface.

The farm of Clauchlands, situated at the eastern entrance to Lamlash Bay, and extending westwards past the Brodick road, and north by the hill-tops forming the watershed between Brodick and Lamlash districts, is another portion of Arran on which much waste land has been reclaimed and pasture now exists where once heather and stones held undisputed sway. When the farm was taken by Mr Allan, senior, of Balnacoole, in 1865, the arable land consisted of about 126 acres; now it forms 260 acres. More land has been reclaimed from a wild state than arable land consisted of in 1865. One of the greatest difficulties the energetic tenant had to contend against, was the number of boulders found about 6 or 9 inches under the surface, which impeded the path of the plough when first going through the land. These boulders are very common, and the soil interspersed with them is peculiar to Arran. Going over the moor roads one sees, in places where a deep cutting has been made to form the road, about 9 inches of good red earth or moss, resting on a basis of large stones and gravel. In Clauchlands much of the soil is light and friable, and rests on a freestone formation, with the exception that to the east of the steading and near the point the formation is whinstone boulders. The farm has been all drained, wherever it required it, at a uniform depth of 3 feet, although in some places, where a tough subsoil of red till was encountered, it was found almost impossible to go down any depth, and in other places the rock had to be quarried to admit of the drains being put in at all. The whole farm was limed once, and some parts of it have received a second coat; the quantity applied being the same as at Balnacoole. The first ploughing at Clauchlands was done with the single furrow plough drawn by a pair of horses.—One fur being-turned over coming down the hill, and the plough being slid up the hill without a fur. After being ploughed the first time the land was allowed to lie uncropped for two years, until the roots in the turf rotted away. From that time it has been wrought on a regular rotation. The reclamation took five years to complete, and the cost per acre was from £10 to £15. Some of the reclaimed land has now lain nine years uncropped, having only been turned over the first time, and it is almost back into its wild state again. In the autumn of 1869 an arrangement was entered into by the proprietor (the Duke of Hamilton) and the tenant of Glenree farm, according to which over 100 acres of unenclosed rough land on Glenree were to be improved by enclosing, draining, liming, and cultivation—the Duke contributing £700 towards defraying the cost of the work. The greater portion of the land to be improved had been under cultivation previous to 1830, when the land was held by six tenants on the rig-about system. In those days the rigs were always top-gathered, a wide space being left between the ridges into which the stones were thrown, and when reclamation works began, it was all overgrown with heather, bent-grass, or fog. The land was laid off into four fields of about 30 acres each, and the work of draining and fencing was at once begun, one field being taken each year. Where the surface was pretty level the drains were put down every 18 feet apart, and from 3 to 3½ feet deep; but where the old furrows were deep, the drains were laid in the furrows 2½ feet deep. Pipe tiles, 2 and 2½ inches diameter, were laid in the branch drains, 4 inch tiles being used in the main drains, which were cut 3 inches deeper than the others. A small proportion of the drains was filled with broken stones; these being plentiful, it was the easiest way to get rid of them. As draining proceeded, the land was ploughed as deep as a two-horse plough could turn a fur over coming down the hill. Two or three men followed each plough and turned out the stones on to the surface, when they were carted away, and employed in building dykes to enclose the fields. So numerous were the stones that few additional needed to be quarried to complete the dykes.

Ploughing and carting off stones was carried on during winter, and about the end of March the land was sown with "sandy " oats.

All the fields got nearly the same treatment, except that which we will call No, 1, which was not so rough and stony as the others. Two crops of oats were taken off, and the ground was then sown down with grass. Lime was applied at the rate of fifty barrels or 5 tons per imperial acre, after the second crop of oats was sown and harrowed in. Two crops of oats were taken off the other three fields, and the third year as much of the land as could be got ready was green-cropped, and the remainder summer-fallowed. Farmyard and bone manures were used in putting down the crop, and during early summer lime was applied at the rate of fifty barrels per acre, and wrought in. The following year the fields were ploughed in ridges 18 feet wide, sown down with oats, grass, and clover seeds, and have been in pasture ever since. The following mixture of grass-seeds was sown per acre:—2 bushels perennial rye-grass; 8 lbs. fescues and meadow grasses; 2 lbs. crested dogstail; 6 lbs. "Timothy"; 4 lbs. white, 2 lbs. alsike, and 2 lbs. perennial red clover; and ½ lb. rib grass. As a rule, the first crop of oats was very poor; the second was good all over. Green crops, on the average, were good, and the sown-out oat crop was excellent.

The following is a summary of the total expenditure incurred in reclaiming this piece of land :—

To the above sum there ought to be added the value of the work of three pairs of horses and four men, but as no exact account was kept of their time, or the yields of the crops, figures as to the profit or loss on the operations cannot be given. However, the tenant is of opinion that the crops over all would pay the cost of keeping the horses, and men's wages, or nearly so. For every sheep carried by this moorland before it was reclaimed, it will now in its pastoral state carry 2½ sheep.

The most recent works of reclamation in Arran have been executed by the tenant of the Douglas Hotel, Brodick, who farms Corriegills, Strathwillan, Barnhill, and Springbank. About 500,000 tiles have been used in draining, and about a dozen good sized fields have been added to the farms. Sixty or seventy acres have been trenched with the spade. The same difficulty has to be contended against in Brodick as in Balnacoole, that is, the great quantity of iron ore water in the subsoil, which chokes the drains, and necessitates their being frequently lifted. Draining costs from 3s. 6d. to 4s. per chain of 24 yards; trenching cannot be done for less than £6 per acre. Labourers well up in draining and trenching cannot be secured in Arran, and squads have to be brought from the mainland, which entails additional expense. The drains are laid from 15 to 16 feet apart, and are made to run so that if possible they may follow the course of the mountain streams. The newly drained land has mostly been limed, and top-dressed with bone and stable manure, of which there is an abundant supply from the heavy stud of cab horses kept for hiring purposes in connection with the hotel. The new land is cropped in rotation with oats, green-crop, and sown-down oats and ryegrass seed, except where it has been trenched, because the trenched land is better to lie for two years before being cropped.

In addition to these somewhat more extensive operations of reclaiming land to which we have now been adverting, other farms have been increased by patches of moorland being brought under cultivation, and the method pursued has in every case been identical with either of those to which reference has been made. Notwithstanding the vigour with which for many years they prosecuted the breaking of new land, the farmers now, it has to be said, have somewhat relaxed their energies, and much that was once reclaimed is again lying wild. Various causes have operated to bring about this result, and amongst these may be mentioned the comparative success of pastoral farming during recent years, which has made it more profitable to feed sheep than to cultivate the soil; the difficulty of securing field-workers during press of work thinning turnips and in harvest-time, the cottars having most of them disappeared, and the other residents being careless of rural labour; and the great difficulty experienced, especially in the Southend, in getting manure brought into the island—the farmyard manure being insufficient to green-crop the whole arable land, even with the addition of sea-weed, which is extensively collected and spread on the shore farms. A last and by no means unimportant hindrance to the carrying on of farming on aggressive principles is the amount of damage done to farm produce, especially in the hill districts, by the deer, rabbits, &c, preserved in the island with most anxious care. It would be no benefit—it would be a distinct disadvantage—to the Arran tenant to reclaim waste land now, considering the low price of agricultural produce, the destruction perpetrated by game, and his distance from the markets.. On one farm, it has been calculated that the produce forty years ago was one-third an acre more than it is now, labour is so much more expensive; and when the land requires liming a second time, instead of giving it a substantial coat of say fifty barrels per acre„ many of the farmers seem to think that they may spare the lime, and yet expect the same productiveness as after the first liming.

Arran Farmers' Society.

Next to the energy displayed by the Arran farmers in the reclamation of waste lands, and the liming and draining of their holdings, nothing has so much contributed to the advancement of agriculture as the Arran Farmers' Society. As far as can now be ascertained this Society was instituted in 1830, and its objects were the improvement of the breed of cattle, horses, and sheep in the island, by giving prizes, and encouraging the importation of well-bred sires of the different breeds; the advancement of agriculture by the offering of prizes for the best managed green crops, and the holding of an annual ploughing match, at which prizes were offered for the best ploughing, and the newest and most improved ploughs, &c.

The membership in 1860 consisted of 95 persons; at present it numbers 150 individuals. This increase is partly accounted for by the fact, that four or five years ago a separate class was opened at the show, in which prizes are given for Ayrshire cattle and horses, the competition being limited to tenants paying rents of £60 and under. This has induced many of the smaller farmers to join the Society, and, by stimulating a friendly rivalry, will no doubt in the end tend to the improvement of their stocks.

Rotation of Crops.

Although in 1816 there was established, and still exists, a stated rule of rotation in crops, Arran farmers, small and great,. do very much as seems right in their own eyes. An attempt is made to keep up a six-years' shift, that is, two years under pasture; third year, oats; fourth year, green crop; fifth year,

sown-down oats; sixth year, rye-grass and clover; but many of the smaller farmers have little compunction in taking two white crops in succession off one patch, and in leaving bare and ill-conditioned spots untouched by the plough for years. According to the conditions of one of the most recent leases granted by the Duke of Hamilton, the tenant is bound not to take "two white crops in succession without having a green hoed crop between, manured with at least 25 cubic yards of stable manure or other approved manure to each imperial acre, unless by permission from the proprietor or factor." And, after land is laid down to grass, "the tenant shall not break up the same sooner than four years thereafter if a crop of hay be taken, or sooner than three years if no hay be taken." This constitutes a seven years' rotation, [This is exceptional, the usual rotation being six course.—Editor.] but the larger farmers do not as a rule follow it, but allow the land to lie in grass for from four to ten years, and in some cases for a longer period.

The crops previously named, with the addition of beans, which are largely grown in the south end of the island, form the principal farm produce of Arran, and for the sake of order, it will be well to take them in their rotation, and treat of each separately

Corn Crops—Oats, Barley, and Beans.

Oats are very generally sown throughout the length and breadth of Arran. The greater part of the land under white crops is sown with "sandy" oats, but in Shiskan a few acres are under the variety known as "Tam Findlay"; and on Glenree and the new land in Brodick, Swiss oats have been used. These last are about two weeks earlier than the common oats, but they give less bulk of straw and less weight of grain, and do not grind so well as the home seed, Fierce gales sweep the island from side to side during autumn, and "sandy" oats are found to be least shaken by the blast. The best corn growing districts are Shiskan and the Southend. Crops are raised in these places which fairly astonish the stranger by their abundance, and the well-built and neatly-thatched stacks which fill the yards compare very favourably with the miserable-looking thatched houses which form many of the steadings. Indeed, a more pleasing drive could not be taken by any one interested in agriculture, than that round by Shiskan and the Southend of Arran. The soil generally is deep heavy loam, and in some places sharp shingle resting on a subsoil of clay; the fields lie, many of them, very level, and farming is prosecuted with much vigour. Of course some farmers work better than others—there are drones in every hive—but, taken all in all, the medium-sized farms around the Southend of Arran only need good steadings to make them as desirable holdings as any on the mainland. In the yards ten, twelve, fourteen, and sixteen good solid-looking round stacks are seen, most of them built with a greater circumference, and not so high as those on the mainland,—a formation rendered necessary in order that they may the better withstand the force of the fierce Atlantic gales which rage during winter.

The lea and red land is all sown with oats; occasionally on good heavy soil barley may be substituted, but oats are the more profitable crops. About fifteen years ago the smaller tenants sowed great quantities of barley, but since the increased demand for milk and butter arose, through the influx of Glasgow visitors, barley has entirely been superseded by oats, as the straw of the latter makes much better fodder for the cows than the straw of the former. As this annual migration of Glasgow folks to Arran has in no small measure contributed to the increased comfort of the Arran residents, and has circulated much more money through the island than formerly was the case, it may be interesting here to note, that the arrival of these visitors has been chiefly promoted by the opening of the short route to Glasgow via Ardrossan. A steamer, in connection with the Ardrossan and Glasgow, now the Glasgow and South-Western, Railway, was placed on the Arran and Ardrossan station about twenty years ago by a limited liability company, which however came to grief, and the Duke of Hamilton then stepped in, and at his own expense placed the "Lady Mary" on the route, and afterwards the "Heather Bell" ; and now for a number of years the steamboat accommodation has been maintained by private enterprise. By this route the journey from Glasgow to Brodick can be accomplished in two and a half hours.

The lea ground is broken by the plough about the beginning of January, and the red land is turned over about the middle of March. Sowing is commenced about the 1st of April, or a week earlier in a good spring. Generally the Arran farmers do not incline to sow early. They have an idea that more fodder is procured by sowing about the 10th or 12th of April, than by sowing at the beginning of the month.

Harvest in an ordinary season begins during the last week of August, except in the extreme north, where it is later. The average yield of oats per imperial acre in 1855 was 25 bushels; over the whole island now the average yield will be about 30 bushels. Some of the larger farms will yield on an average from 32 to 36 bushels; and, in 1880, 40 bushels per acre will he realised on heavy land. The weight per bushel of oats raised on good land will average from about 40 to 42 lbs.; on the smaller farms the average will not be more than 39 lbs. "Hutting" is now very common throughout the island, although thirty years ago such a thing was altogether unknown. Some of the farmers from the mainland were the first to introduce the practice, and the natives were not slow to follow their example.

In the Southend what little barley is sown is "Chevalier"; on the smaller farms common barley is used. Seed is brought from the Edinburgh market, and the crop weighs about 53 lbs. per bushel.

Bere used to be widely grown in Arran. When Dr M'Naugh-ton wrote his "Statistical Account" in 1840, he tells us that sown-down land was as often cropped with bere as with oats, but this is not the case now. Since thrashing mills became common, people are too lazy to thrash with flails, and bere can only be satisfactorily thrashed with these latter instruments.

Beans are grown, as we have said, in Lagg, and round the south end. They are either sown broadcast or in drills—as often the one way as the other. The crop is cut down by the reaping-hook.

The corn stacks on some of the larger farms are well made, and rest on iron stools ; on the smaller farms the stacks are thick and short, and flat on the heads. Notwithstanding the apparent want of fall which they possess, these stacks keep very dry, and it is a rare thing for one of them to become " heated."

The great proportion of the grain is ground into meal, but one of the larger farmers, at least, disposes of much of it as seed corn to the smaller farmers. The price received for seed corn averages about 23s. per 6 bushels. In order to keep up the quality of the seed, a quantity of Midlothian oats are sown annually on most of the larger farms, which provides a change of seed for the rest of the island. After being ground, oats, which weigh 40 lbs. per bushel, usually give 140 lbs. of meal in return for a 6 bushel bag of corn. The price of oatmeal in 1879 was 20s. per boll of 140 lbs.; in 1880, it is 15s. Mills are erected for the convenience of the tenantry by the landlord at Lamlash and Sheddog, and all the oats are ground at these places. The tenants are bound to send their oats to be ground in the mill of the district (except seed and horse corn), and they pay the miller at the rate of a peck of meal for every sixteen pecks made, or 1s. per boll of 140 lbs. The prices of meal are fixed by the rates current in Ayr market; the millers being bound not to charge more than 1s. per 140 lbs. above Ayr prices when selling Arran oatmeal; and on the other hand they are bound not to pay the farmers who may have oatmeal to sell, more than 1s. per 140 lbs. under Ayr prices.

As in Bute, so in Arran, the habits of the people have changed much during recent years. About fifteen years ago, all the material sold by the grocer in one of the landward parts of the island was brought over from Brodick in a cart drawn by one horse, whereas now, for the same part of the island, several boat loads of stuffs, weighing about 100 tons in all, are brought in during spring and summer. These stuffs consist of flour, Indian corn,, oatmeal, sugar, tea, &c, and as the population in this particular district has in no way increased during the past decade, a great deal less farm produce must inevitably be consumed by the residenters. Consequently a greater quantity of the oat crop is now sold as grain than at any former period.

Potatoes. These roots are not very extensively grown in Arran, except on the deep land on the west side of the island. The early varieties are not so much planted as formerly. The sorts now common in the island are "Walker's Early," "Red Bogs," "Regents," "Dalmahoys," "Skerry Blues," but chiefly the "Champions," except in the north end, where the "Skerries" still hold their own against all comers. The first to introduce the " Champion " potato was Mr James Allan, junior, Balnacoole, Shiskan, who in 1877 planted two bags of this seed on his farm, and now the most of the potato-growing portions of the island are covered by them. On good land, in 1879, the yield per acre averaged about 5 or 6 tons; the average yield per acre in 1855 was only 4 tons 7 cwts. The crop of 1880 is the best, both in quantity and quality, which has been grown in Arran since 1847,. some plots of "Champions" yielding from 12 to 15 tons per acre.. The crop is lifted by the tenants immediately after harvest is finished, and is pitted. In the spring the potatoes are sold to dealers from Glasgow and Greenock. The price realised for them in 1879 was about £6 per ton, but in 1880 not more than £3 per ton is expected. The pits are of various lengths, and the potatoes in them are covered with heathery turf, over which about 6 inches of earth is placed.

After the failure of the potato crop about twenty-five years ago, the landlord provided the tenants with flax-seed, and an experiment was tried for two years of growing flax instead of potatoes. A mill was erected by the landlord, at Lagg, where the flax was bought by him and dressed for the market. The experiment proved very unprofitable, and was abandoned after two years' trial.

Turnips. The history of turnip-growing in Arran is very much similar to that in Bute. Wherever there is a plot of ground suitable, this favourite feeding-root is raised. Swedish and yellow, purpletop and greentop, are the varieties sown. On the larger farms about two-thirds of the entire acreage under turnips is sown with Swedish, and the remaining third with yellow. The smaller farmers use the same kinds of seed as their neighbours, although they grow more yellow than Swedish. In a fairly good year, on the deep land of Southend and Shiskan, the yield of Swedish will be about 20 tons per acre, and of yellow about 16 tons. So far as climate is concerned, there is nothing to hinder the turnip crop to remain in the ground until it is required; and this is what is done on the south-west end of the island, where the attacks of frost are very mild, as is evidenced by the fact that the ground after frost can be ploughed far earlier than on the mainland. In the eastern side of the island, about Lamlash, the yellow turnips are much more easily kept than the other, whether on account of the nature of the soil we cannot say. The whole crop around Lamlash and Brodick districts has to be pulled in the beginning of winter and stored, to prevent the roots being devoured by game, deer being very plentiful in this part of Arran. During the summer months of 1880 one farmer has had to pay a man 21s. a-week for herding the deer off the crop during the night. During the last two years a part of the fields on Clauchlands near the steading has been wired off, and a deep pit dug in it, into which the turnips are thrown, and covered over the top with straw. This is found to be a very safe method of storing them. The only objection to it is, that the turnips are apt to grow a little in the spring. Another method followed by some of the farmers is to store the roots in small pits in the fields, containing about a cart-load each, and covered over with a few inches of earth. This plan is found to work admirably. Were it not for the destruction perpetrated by game, storing of turnips would form quite an unnecessary part of the work of the Arran farmer, as the roots might be allowed to lie in the ground all winter.

Rye-Grass and Clover.

The sown-down land in the island of Arran, in addition to oats or barley, is laid under a crop of rye-grass seed mixed with clover. The soil on the west and south sides of the island raises good hay crops even in a dry season, but, on the east side, it is so thin in many places that the crop is only fit to be eaten by the sheep and cattle when growing. All the smaller farmers allow the rye-grass to ripen, and the seed is sold in Glasgow and Ayr markets. The larger farmers seed as much as is necessary to sow their own land, and some of it they sell to the tenants on the smaller holdings.

"Where the soil is heavy clay, and has not been carefully green-cropped, or where the soil is mossy, the seed ripened is not very clean; hair-grass grows amongst it, which, on account of the meagre appliances at their command, the farmers are not able altogether to get clear of. The usual weight of Arran rye-grass seed is about 23 or 24 lbs. per bushel; the price realised this season (1880) is 11s. 6d. per boll of 96 lbs. The average price per boll is about 10s. Clover seed is sown in the proportion of 5 or 6 lbs. to the imperial acre. In a good season clover grows well on the deep soils of the Southend, but in Lamlash and Brodick districts a good crop is the exception, not the rule.

A good market for winnowed hay is found in Brodick and Lamlash, where the inhabitants keep more cows than their holdings can well carry, and consequently have to buy in fodder for winter feeding. In 1879, hay carted to the purchaser's door was selling at £4, 10s. per ton. One of the farmers in Shiskan supplies the proprietor with the fodder necessary for the maintenance of the stud and deer kept at Brodick Castle, and at the various lodges throughout the island, and this always ensures a ready market for the greater portion of the surplus farm produce. The average weight of winnowed hay produced per Scotch acre of 5 imperial roods, is about 32 or 33 cwts.

For storage of hay the round stack is most in use; the large square stack so well known in some parts of the mainland is rarely met with, but on one or two of the larger farms sheds have recently been put up, which hold as much hay as the ordinary square stack. These sheds can be erected for about 20s. per foot of length; they are open all round, and are covered in by a roof of galvanised iron or felt, supported by wooden posts 12 or 14 feet high. The hay is built up under the roof in a square, the size of the shed, and thus the time and material used in thatching are saved.

Another very common sort of fodder is what is known as "sprits"—long grasses which grow on the moorlands, especially where the soil is somewhat deep and damp, and which are cut and winnowed in the sun like meadow hay, and stacked either in the moors or in the stackyards. The cattle relish this kind of fodder immensely, and in a place like Arran, where fodder is scarce, such hay forms an excellent substitute for rye-grass or straw. Liberty is given by all the farmers to the cottars and very small farmers to cut these "sprits" on the moors, and large quantities are annually winnowed. Pasture in Arran is good during summer, but in winter it becomes foggy.

Sheep-Farming.

As would naturally be expected from the mountainous character of the island, sheep-farming forms no inconsiderable part of the rural economy of Arran. It is interesting to drive up the wild glens which intersect the island, and to compare the varieties of pasturage to be found on what, at a distant view, seem sterile hills, only remarkable because of their rugged grandeur. The pasture on all the hills is not uniform, and much has been done to improve it in one part which has been left undone in another. Indeed, sheep-farming in Arran is very much like arable-farming; there are drones in this hive as well as in the other. One man has drained his hills and paid great attention to the breeding of his tups and ewes ; another is content to leave things as he found them. There is not the slightest doubt, however, taking the island all over, that the sheep on the hills have been greatly improved within the last twenty-five years. Many energetic young farmers have entered the field, and they have introduced tups from the very best stocks in the mainland, which have effected a marked improvement on the quality of the stocks on the larger farms. The "shot" lambs from these farms are, many of them, sold to the tenants on the smaller farms, and in this way all the stocks in the island have gradually improved. It would be as difficult as it is invidious to single out any one farmer more than another as being the principal agent in effecting the meritorious change in the quality of the sheep, but if success in a showyard be any criterion of the quality of flocks, then the owners of the flocks of Balnacoole, Glen Scorrodale, and Glenree, must be awarded the place of honour.

The stocks throughout the island are now, with one exception, blackfaced. As in Bute, Cheviots have been experimented with, but all who had them have now disposed of them except the tenant of Glenree. The larger sheep-farms in the glens carry stocks varying in numbers from 400 to 1800 head each. Generally the flocks are composed of ewes and wethers, but the former are more in number than the latter. The worst of the wether lambs are sold every year, and the best, on mixed stock farms, are kept till they are three years old. The old ewes are sold to farmers on the mainland to be crossed with Leicester tups for the production of cross-bred lambs for the butchers. The tups on the hill farms are bought for the most part in Edinburgh and Ayr, at the autumn ram sales. Tups which have effected the greatest change on the flocks have been bred at Dornel, Knowehead, Overshiels, Westown, and Polquheys. With the exception of those in the north end of the island the sheep are strong healthy animals, large of size, and carrying good fleeces; those in the extreme north are smaller than the others, but they also have greatly improved during recent years. The rams are let out about the 20th of November, and the lambing season extends from the middle of April till near the end of May. The lambs are weaned about the 20th of August, and are then generally dipped ; but sometimes they are not dipped until a short time before they are sent to the low lands to graze for the winter, and on a very few farms they are dipped when weaned, and again in March or April. Smearing is now but little practised, dipping with patent compositions having taken its place.

Clipping commences about the middle of June, and is continued till about the first week in July, when the milk ewes have their fleeces taken off. The average weight of clip in 1880 is five fleeces to the stone of 24 lbs., last year (1879) it was 5½ fleeces; but smearing and dipping have so often been employed alternately, that it is impossible to give a correct average over a period of years. Of course sheep after smearing give a much heavier clip than they give after dipping, but it is proved to be cheaper to dip, because the cost in time and labour smearing, and the lower price of laid wool, more than counterbalances the sum realised for the larger return of wool. The price of white wool at the clipping season in 1879 was 11s., this season (1880) it was 14s. per stone of 24 lbs.

In 1879, the price realised for three-year-old wethers was about 34s. a-head, in 1880, it was 31s. a-head. Average-sized ewes draw from £18 to £20 for the score of twenty-one. In former years it was customary to winter hoggs on the mainland, but for the past seventeen years they have invariably been wintered in the south end of the island, and in Shiskan. The period of wintering is from the middle of October till the end of March, and the price charged per head for the season is from 5s. to 6s. The reasons for wintering on the low lands which hold good as regards Bute, apply with equal force in the case of Arran. It is a remarkable fact that both in the north of Bute and the north of Arran, where the formation is granite or slate rock and the subsoil clay, from 10 to 15 per cent. of the hoggs die of braxy before they are taken off the hills; whereas on the south end of these islands, where the subsoil is over sandstone and whinstone rock, such a thing as death by this disease is comparatively unknown.

The purely sheep-farms up the glens of Shiskan and Scorrodale (which run respectively from Brodick to Shiskan, and from Lam-lash to Lagg), have each a small patch of fine arable land around the steadings. Many of the farm steadings are very commodious and comfortable, new houses having been built within the last twenty-five years on most of the farms, generally at the tenant's expense. These plots are wrought on a regular rotation of crops. The best sheep-farm, though not by any means the largest in the island, is universally admitted to be Glen Scorrodale, between Glenkill and Glenree, on the road from Lamlash to Lagg, on which great improvements have been made by draining the moorland with sheep-drains, and in selecting choice rams, thereby greatly promoting the quality and condition of the hill stocks.

Married shepherds are usually employed on sheep-farms, and their wages at present average about 15s. 6d. per week, with free house, an allowance of fuel, grazing for one or two cows, and land to plant potatoes. The flocks on the mixed arable and sheep-farms have come most to the front in shows on the mainland. The stocks on these farms were first improved by tups purchased from Mr John Lorne Stewart of Coll, the late chamberlain on the Argyll estates in Kintyre, by Mr James Allan, senior, then in Balnacoole; and for many years past the tups in use on Balnacoole, Clauchlands, Glenree, Glenkill, and one or two other farms, have been purchased at the autumn ram sales in Edinburgh and Ayr. Balnacoole flock is famed for its ewes and gimmers, and numerous prizes have fallen to its lot at Glasgow and Ayr shows.

The cast lambs from these farms are sold to dealers from Glasgow, Ayr, and Galloway, in the end of summer, and are scattered over the country for grazing purposes. On the arable farms near Lagg in the south end, and some other/parts of the island, blackfaced ewes [are crossed with Leicester tups, and begin to lamb about the end of March. These ewes are fed during winter, sometimes on turnips, and sometimes with Indian corn. The turnips are carted to them in the fields, as feeding on the netting principle is never practised in Arran. The crossbred lambs are taken from their dams during summer as they are required by the butchers, and draw from about 18s. to 24s. each; the ewes are sold off, if fat enough, about the end of September, and realise similar prices with the lambs. A new stock is put on in October, and border Leicester tups are bought at the Edinburgh and Hawick sales, in the end of September, for crossing with them. The clip of these ewes formerly, when grease was much in use, weighed about 6 lbs. to the fleece; now, when dipping compositions are used, it will not weigh more than 4 lbs. to the fleece. Some of the farmers keep the cross-bred lambs till they are one and a half year old, and the clip of these hoggs averages about 6 lbs. to the fleece, unwashed.

The only other kind of sheep farming to which we need now refer is the experiment with the Cheviots. This favourite Border breed was first introduced into Arran, by the late Mr Peter Tod, about 1829, and has since then been kept at different times on the farms of Glen Sannox, Glenkill, Auchenhew, and up to the present time (1880) on Glenree. On all of these farms, with the exception of Glenree, they were found not to do well, and have been replaced by the blackfaced. Two hirsels of about 500 breeding ewes each are still kept on Glenree. The climate of Arran is rather moist for Cheviots; and although in a good season they do uncommonly well, yet over a series of years blackfaced would be found to be more profitable. The two objections to the Cheviot ewe are, that in a hard spring she is a bad milker, and she is not so productive as her black-faced rival. A hirsel of 25 score of Cheviot ewes was kept from 1860 to 1874 on laud now carrying a blackfaced flock, and on an average there was every year 20 per cent. of the Cheviot ewes barren, whereas with the blackfaced there is not more than five per cent. without lambs. In the severe spring of 1879, the Cheviot ewes only gave 60 lambs per 100 ewes, whereas the blackfaced ewes gave 90. On the other hand, it has to be said in favour of the Cheviots that their wool is worth 50 per cent. more in value than that of the blackfaced, although they give a clip of equal weight per sheep. Cheviot draft ewes are, worth about 5s. or 6s. a-head more than the blackfaced, and they live equally well. Of late years blackfaced lambs have been selling fully better than the others through so many Cheviot stocks-being turned into blackfaced, and a fifth more blackfaced than Cheviots can be carried on the same land.

Cattle.

When the "Statistical Account of Arran" was written forty years ago, there were in the island three distinct breeds of cattle. These were the native breed, the Arran cow; the improved breed, the West Highlander; and the imported breed, the Ayrshire. At that time the Ayrshire was fast coming to the front. The admirable milking qualities of the breed, and their well-known adaptability for large arable farms where a dairy was kept, together with the greater profit to be derived from their sale when fattened than from the native stock, clearly pointed them out as the coming breed. Although, therefore, the West Highlander has been almost completely supplanted by the Ayrshire, it is open to question whether, in the case of the small upland farms, this has been altogether a wise proceeding. Where good dairy cows, as on the large arable farms, are required, Ayrshires certainly pay best, but on some of the higher farms, with poor pasturage, where the breeding of a few cattle for the grazier is of more consequence than dairy produce, the West Highlander would most likely prove more remunerative. Pure bred Ayrshires are not to be found in Arran except on large arable farms. When the breed was first introduced we have not been able to determine, but that a few Ayrshire cows were to be found in the island forty years ago seems certain. The farm of Sheddog has long been noted for its Ayrshire herd, and the former tenant, Mr Neilson, being a native of Renfrewshire, was greatly interested in his dairy stock. His successor, the present tenant, a native of Ayrshire, took over Mr Neilson's stock, and largely increased it. The bulls employed have been imported from herds in the neighbourhood of Dairy and Kilmarnock, and the stock is now one of the finest in the island. Mr Allan, now of Clauchlands, also an Ayrshire man, introduced good cows and bulls from the mainland, and the late Mr Spiers of Benecarrigan possessed an excellent stock, which has been maintained and improved by his son. On the Douglas hotel farms also there are now splendid stocks of Ayrshire cows, and the breeding of good milk cows generally is being prosecuted throughout the island. On the smaller farms the breed is not yet pure; the cows still show cross-breeding, but were a little care and attention paid to the selection of sires, the Ayrshire breed would soon be the only one found in the lower districts of Arran.

There are three bowing establishments in the island—one at Glenkill, Lamlash, and two near Lagg. The average price paid by the bovver per cow is £10 per annum. With the exception of the occupier of the Lamlash dairy, all the other dairymen make cheese, and the smaller farmers invariably make butter, for which there is an extensive demand all over the island in summer.

The price generally realised for cheese, which is sold to merchants in Glasgow, Hamilton, Ardrossan, Kilmarnock, and Ayr, is from 12s. to 13s. per stone of 24 lbs.; butter realises from 1s. 2d. to 1s. 4d. per lb.

The stocks on all the farms are maintained by the quey calves reared on each, and the bull calves are almost all sold as slink veal to the butchers.

The pure West Highland breed of cattle has now become very scarce in Arran. About twenty-five years ago, and prior to that time, on many of the hill farms from 20 to 30 head were grazed during summer, and Monyquill was then noted for its herd. The quality of the cattle has been allowed to degenerate, and Mr Crawford, Drimadoon, and Mr Craig, Dougarie, have it all their own way at the island shows in the matter of prizes.

The native Arran breed are still to be met with in the north end, and the farmer in Sannox regularly purchases the best of the yearlings bred by the north end farmers, which he feeds until they are three years old, when they turn out excellent beef producers. The remainder of the "stirks" are sold annually, at whatever prices they will bring. They are seldom in good condition, the pasturage being very bare. A first cross with an Arran cow and an Ayrshire hull has invariably produced an animal possessing good milking qualities.

The only new breed introduced into Arran of recent years is the Galloway, a number of which are kept by Mr William Tod, of Glenree, who, in 1875, purchased ten well-bred heifers and a hull in the Galloway breeding districts, and now has a herd of between 30 and 40 head. Ten or twelve calves are produced annually; the bull-calves are castrated when a few days old, and the calves are allowed to suckle their dams for seven or eight months. They are not allowed to run loose with their dams but are kept in a shed by themselves and are led morning and evening to the byre to their dams. When three years old the cattle are sold, and draw from £16 to £18 each off the grass. Galloways in Arran seem to thrive as well as the West Highlanders ; they are as easily reared, and when they come to maturity are more valuable.

Horses.

The native horses in Arran were a small stinted breed; seven of them used to be yoked to the wooden plough, and they were ill-kept and ill-trained. When Dr M'Naughton wrote in 1840, attempts were being made to improve the breed. This has been continued ever since with the most gratifying results. The late Duke of Hamilton gave an annual premium of £25 for a number of years prior to his death, for the services of an entire draught horse, which was the means of considerably improving the breed previous to 1860. From 1860 to 1873 there was no premium Clydesdale entire horse in the island, and horse breeding was at a very low ebb. About that time horses began to be very valuable, and some of the members of the Farmers' Society, foremost amongst whom was Mr Hector M'Allister, junior, Glaister, seeing the benefits and profit likely to be derived from breeding good animals, got the Society to move in the matter, and to award premiums whereby owners of Clydesdale stallions were induced to send their horses to the island: the amount of service fee being, at the same time, fixed at a rate within the reach of all. The following is a list of the entire horses, with their stud-book numbers (so far as their pedigrees have been registered), which have secured the Society's premiums since 1873:—in that year "Sir William Wallace" (803); 1874, "Scottish Chief" (763); 1875, "The Chief" (857); 1876, "Lofty" (462); 1877, "Earl of Arran" (263) and "Campbletown Bob" (118) also travelled; 1878, "Marquis" (1215); 1879, "Duke of Connaught" (Dickie's); 1880, "Prince Frederick" (1504).

Young stock have also been purchased in Kintyre for many years back, and their produce has done a good deal to improve the native breed. Horse-breeding is general throughout Arran, and the annual fairs at Brodick in June, and at Lamlash in October, offer favourable opportunities for disposing of the foals and surplus stock. The horses generally have improved in quality about 50 per cent. during the past twenty-five or thirty years; these annual fairs are largely attended by dealers from the mainland, and sales are often very brisk. On the smaller farms the mare is kept working all the time she is nursing her foal, but there must be very little for her to do during the summer months. Foals in October sell for about £16 each; in 1865 £7, 10s. was a common enough price. About six years ago prices ranging from £20 to £28 each were in a few instances

realised, and in 1880 at Lamlash Fair the highest figure reported for a single foal was £14. Taking a survey of the island we find that the best and most Clydesdale-looking horses are met with in Shiskan, Lagg, and the south end; but taken as a whole the Arran horses at present may be said to be crosses between a Clydesdale stallion and Highland mares. This type of horse best meets the requirements of the island. Many of the farms are steep, and the roads in general hilly; the light-limbed creature goes quickly over these risings, and is easily fed during winter. No horse suits the farmer so well for certain kinds of work as the old-fashioned, wise, little creature to be found in Arran and other parts of the Highlands, and the breed is worth preserving, both on account of the docility of the animals, their suitableness for light draught purposes, their ready obedience to words, and their neat style of action.

Peats.

Especially in the moorland districts the casting of peats forms, in the early summer, the principal work of the Arran farmer and cottar. Generally the peats are cut in May, and the casting of them is finished by the beginning of June. On being cut they are borne, on barrows made for the purpose, to a position where they will be best exposed to the sun's heat, and spread singly on the bare ground. After lying flat for some time till they are nearly dry, they are "footed," i.e., set up on one end, several together, something after the manner of a stook of corn sheaves, and in good seasons do not require any further handling till they are taken home. With fine weather they should all be stacked a month after they have been cast, and for bringing them home creels made for the purpose are employed, which hold about a half more than the ordinary farm carts. In 1879 few or no peats were got home on account of the wet weather, and coals had to be extensively imported. Peats in a favourable season weigh heavier than in a wet season, as the rain washes all the substance out of them, and, when burned, they neither give out a proper heat nor last any length of time. Short black moss is chiefly cut for peats in Arran. A few peats with fibrous material through them may occasionally be seen, but they are not favourites.

Wages and Cost of Farming.

Wages have increased in Arran during the last twenty-five years in much the same ratio as in Bute. Dairymaids are receiving now (in 1880) from £8 to £12, 10s. per half-year with board, but those engaged at the latter figure must have full charge. Ploughmen's wages are from £12 to £15 per half-year with board ; and workers in harvest time,—women, who can with difficulty be procured, receive from 2s. 6d. to 3s. a-day without food, and men from 3s. 6d.to 4s. a-day, also without food. The wages of these same workers in the turnip-thinning and potato-planting season are from 1s. 3d. to 1s. 6d. a-day. Men are not generally employed at this work, and the wives and families of the cottars are those chiefly engaged in it. Squads of Irishmen are sometimes engaged in Ardrossan and Ayr to come over to Arran and assist in press of work. Although the cottar system is rapidly dying out in the island, on every farm of any size there are still one, two, three, and, in some few cases, more cottars' houses, and the inmates find employment on the farms and in herring fishing. Many of them keep a pig, and each has a drill or two of potatoes, which are planted by the farmer, the cottar supplying the manure, which is principally sea-weed. There are no feeing markets in the island, but the children of the cottars are often engaged privately by the farmers at the rates of wages per half-year which may rule in Ayr market at the time.

Shepherds in most cases are paid salaries of about £40 per annum, with a free house, an allowance for coals or a supply of peats carted, grazing for one or two cows, and a few potatoes planted. Married ploughmen receive 16s. a-week, a free house, an allowance of 1d. worth of milk per day or grazing for a cow, and 2 tons of coals per annum.

The wages of female servants boarded in the house have been doubled within the past twenty-five years, and those of male servants are now about one-half more than they were at the commencement of that period.

Conclusion